tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-74817850616967052432024-03-12T01:41:35.563-07:00Predator Friendly Ranching GrazerieLouise Liebenberghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05474938590034065595noreply@blogger.comBlogger605125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7481785061696705243.post-23218446596804425192024-02-12T14:19:00.000-08:002024-02-12T14:19:47.647-08:00Bonding older LGD dogs to sheep.<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br />
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></o:p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjht0CUFsd_1T2t2UmuPqaQpius8E0KK3nNpYO7WliT0z7aoiTIHIPZKu7LupxQ4tImuGPg6pG-Vy8rO4_gEH-xA_96xho3lX_lb09enamBAyFC1EdG5WgddpB2U3VlfuhAIMZIGF6m9VjnygJC9aobVbqmbk0bm_bCnbR6YzzGtGT0Yq8IUKCXcF8X4QqI/s4272/Blog_2013108%20big%20dogs%20054.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2848" data-original-width="4272" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjht0CUFsd_1T2t2UmuPqaQpius8E0KK3nNpYO7WliT0z7aoiTIHIPZKu7LupxQ4tImuGPg6pG-Vy8rO4_gEH-xA_96xho3lX_lb09enamBAyFC1EdG5WgddpB2U3VlfuhAIMZIGF6m9VjnygJC9aobVbqmbk0bm_bCnbR6YzzGtGT0Yq8IUKCXcF8X4QqI/w400-h266/Blog_2013108%20big%20dogs%20054.jpg" width="400" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>Bonding older dogs to sheep.</b><br /><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15.6933px;">©</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15.6933px;">Louise Liebenberg (2023)</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;">A question that comes up regularly is how to bond an older
livestock guardian dog LGD) to the livestock if they have not previously been
with livestock? This question however will need a little more clarification as
to why a LGD has not been raised with livestock prior to adulthood? In most
cases, anyone who needs their livestock protected from serious predators will
usually not “waste” their time on a dog that has not been raised with stock.
Most livestock operations will either breed their own replacements and, will
then raise them in a way they feel is most successful for their operation. Very
few of these producers will take a gamble on an unknown adult dog with their
livestock, as it could result in dead and injured stock or a lot of dog management
to try and integrate it in with the livestock.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;">In some instances, people will take a chance on a rescue,
where very little is known about the history or even the raising practices that
the dog was exposed to. Some of these people are willing to try and, are
prepared to take the time to work with the dog to make a LGD from it. In fact,
my very first LGD was a rehome, had never been raised with sheep before and in
my total ignorance I just placed the dog out with the stock trusting entirely
on instinct and good breeding to kick in despite, no bonding or raising with
the stock. This dog was a saint, and everything worked out very well for us and
she become a very successful LGD. In my naivety I certainly thought that LGD were
very simple. You just take the dog, put him in with sheep and all is good. My
second, and later third rescue/rehome dogs were sheep killers, their instinct
and good breeding did not kick in and they viewed sheep as play objects and
soon realised that lamb tasted good. Despite my firm belief that I could work
with them and get them to a point of reliability with the stock, these dogs
never bonded to the sheep nor became reliable.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>I had enough sheep knowledge that I could see that the sheep were never
ever comfortable around either of those dogs, and yet the sheep trusted my
first LGD. Over the years I have certainly come to appreciate the sheep’s
ability to gauge if the dog is trustworthy or not. Following these three dogs,
I soon realised that raising a pup myself, offered the highest chance of
success.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Over the years I have come to believe that it is simply not
all genetics and instinct, a large portion is also raising them in an
environment that will provide them with the most opportunity to learn about
livestock. Just because a pup might be a LGD breed or mix of LGD breeds does
not guarantee that it will be successful. If the dog comes from multiple
generations of non-working lines, its recent ancestors have never even sniffed
a sheep or coyote and no selection has taken place on working ability, then despite
it being a LGD breed, chances are fairly low that this dog will be successful
in its job as a LGD. It is well known in many working breeds, if you do not use
the instinct, you lose it. I have seen generations of show line bred border
collies who have totally lost their instinct to herd sheep. Just because it is
a border collie, does not always mean it will be a working sheepdog.<br />
The loss of instincts can disappear quickly, particularly when breeders focus
on other qualities over those needed for the job. If having a perfect build is
more important to a breeder than working qualities, then you breed away from
the instinct and selection for the other qualities becomes more important.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;">To ensure selection for good working qualities to pass on to
future generations, breeding dogs do need to be evaluated on their ability to
do their job. Are the protective of the flock, are they bonded, will they chase
off predators, will they watch over newborns, do they have a low prey-drive,
are they trustworthy, attentive and protective of the livestock?<br />
<br />
When an older dog is acquired to protect the livestock, it is often not clear
what genetics and instinct are selected for. The next big hurdle is the early
raising and training. As socialization and introduction to sheep at a young age
is important to the development of the pup, an older dog often misses out a
large chunk of this learning experience. It is so much easier to teach a young
child a new language or skill than it is to teach an adult. Although not
impossible, it certainly takes more time. Similarly, the young pup that is
raised with livestock from the start will learn to read the sheep, will learn
to respond to sheep behaviour and body language, they will seek companionship
from the sheep. All this information is freely assimilated by a pup. It is also
for the rancher a lot easier as an 8-week-old pup is not able to physically
harm the sheep, it is easier to trust the pup alone with the sheep than adding
in an adult dog, unsure if it will be safe with the sheep or not. An 18-month-old
dog can do a lot of physical damage to a flock of sheep should some predatory
response be ignited. The process of freely learning, is a concept that works
well in all forms of training and management, whether human or animal.<br />
<br />
Developmentally, pups do have phases or windows of learning opportunities that
have been well researched and defined. The ideal window for socialization of
LGD pups to livestock, is typically between 7 and 16 weeks of age. Once again,
it is not impossible to bond an older pup to the sheep, it just becomes more of
a challenge. If the pup is already bonded to the house, yard and kids, the pup
may never want to bond to the sheep.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;">The question of how to bond an adult dog to the sheep will
require a lot of time, effort and facilitation and the outcome is unknown. With
some dogs, that goes smoothly, and others never do bond with the stock. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There is not one method that is a 100%
guarantee that works. It is about working with the dog and offering every
opportunity to bond to the sheep.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;">What I would recommend one does with an older dog who you
want to attempt to bond to the livestock is the following: I would make a
bonding pen, that has very secure dog proof fencing. I would place 5 or 6 large
adult sheep in that pen, maybe even rams who are accustomed to LGD. It does not
work well if the sheep have never been around LGD before, as their response to
a large dog in their pen, will be complete panic. If you have no sheep that are
used to LGD, it might be worth buying some from an operation who does use LGD.
I would then start by introducing the adult dog on a leash to the sheep. I
would closely monitor the dog’s behaviour and interest in the sheep. If the dog
looks calm and controlled, I will slowly allow the dog to roam around the stock
while I am supervising. I would let the dog drag the leash, if needed I can
quickly intervene. When you must leave, I would either place the dog on a zipline
or in a secure kennel within the bonding pen. I will ensure that the sheep need
to come close to the dog to eat or drink or have some shade in the vicinity of
the dog. I would repeat this process until I feel the dog and sheep are
comfortable with each other. The dog will be tethered or supervised constantly
for the first month of two.<br />
The dog will closely be observed for any good and bad signs. Lunging and
snapping at the sheep would be corrected, fearfulness will be ignored, and
calmness will be quietly praised. Slowly, the time the dog is allowed to roam
freely with the sheep will be extended. I would supervise closely, and slowly
move away and spy on the dog from further away. Camera’s are a nice
technological aid in being able to spy on the dog. Provided the dog shows no
aggressive or predatory reaction, I would continue this path. I will only allow
the dog to be free overnight and not supervised, if I am convinced the sheep
will be safe, they are calm, and the dogs is relaxed and comfortable around the
stock. Once this has been achieved, I will expand the pasture and add in a few
more sheep. Watching closely how the sheep and dog interact. With a pup, from
the time is a pup to the time it is going out with the flock is usually a
process of around 8 to 10 months. I would be looking at a similar timeline for
a newly introduced adult dog. Often people make the mistake of trusting the dog
to quickly, do take the time to ensure both dog and sheep are comfortable in
their presence. Watch for signs of the dog being attentive toward the sheep.
The most important quality initially is simply for the dog to be trustworthy
and not harm the sheep in any way. Playing with the stock might not seem harmful,
but it is. One really does need to pay attention to the details of the
behaviour for both the dog and the stock when introducing an adult who has
never been with livestock before. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I have
written multiple articles on bonding and on looking for good and warning signs,
when working with an older dog, it might be a good idea to reread some of those
articles.<br />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></p><br />Louise Liebenberghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05474938590034065595noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7481785061696705243.post-786708836052688972023-10-05T10:39:00.001-07:002023-10-05T10:39:08.607-07:00Good Homes and LGD<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQFm6FZeAGdppI3fqLvcv20c-VItKyHkmflas8Lsz0bcszkq75oNJeGpZeopBns-9a3b29-ytZaUecD8-Ewz1pd8flYbOK3DIU8oCmGLo3pHFt7sPn103l6bXY_BeiD5ByWg2Bm48vqwbYp4O7tgEVga_gFOTioHXVGoQ5Lk89jDAT00TcYrCV1v3wM40S/s4272/Sarplaninac%202009-02-04%20pups%20bij%20schapen%207.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2848" data-original-width="4272" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQFm6FZeAGdppI3fqLvcv20c-VItKyHkmflas8Lsz0bcszkq75oNJeGpZeopBns-9a3b29-ytZaUecD8-Ewz1pd8flYbOK3DIU8oCmGLo3pHFt7sPn103l6bXY_BeiD5ByWg2Bm48vqwbYp4O7tgEVga_gFOTioHXVGoQ5Lk89jDAT00TcYrCV1v3wM40S/w400-h266/Sarplaninac%202009-02-04%20pups%20bij%20schapen%207.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b>Good homes</b><br /><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">©</span>Louise Liebenberg (2023)<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]-->Written for The Shepherds Magazine.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">When I read through many of the social media livestock
guardian dog (LGD) pages, I am absolutely shocked at the number of dogs looking
for a new, good home. It is not just the odd one here and there but instead a
continuous stream of failed LGD looking for a great non-working home, someone
looking for a placement of their dog on a bigger ranch, or with a more
experienced trainer. Friends of mine who work with rescues are overwhelmed with
the shear number of LGD and mixes of LGD entering the shelter/ foster system,
and within that system, there simply are not enough good homes for all these
unwanted LGD.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In many cases, it is not
even just LGD mutts that end up in rescues, a lot of purebred dogs can be found
there too. The number of “rehomes” is excessive, however the number of litters
from LGD breeds being advertised is staggering, many of which, are not even from
working dogs. In all honesty, there is little to no market for most of these
pups. Recently, a breeder has struggled to give away, for free, a litter of a
rare breed LGD pups. Ultimately, these pups are 4 or 5 months old, become a
handful to handle and are expensive to feed, these pups ended up in a variety
of homes, whether suitable or not, simply to “get rid of them”, the leftovers
ended up in a shelter. Many of the people who drop off these pups in a shelter hope
they will find that illusive “good home”. For many of these pups, the good home
ends up being euthanasia. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The myth of the good home needs to be addressed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Those folks looking for a new placement for
their roaming, sheep worrying or chicken killing dogs have this idea that these
dogs would be better suited to a bigger ranch. What many people forget is on
larger, commercial operations, the sheep or cattle are the main source of
income and the people who live this lifestyle, are often very busy. It takes
time to graze animals, check fences, doctor sick animals, haymaking. Few shepherds
are willing to take on an uncontrolled, problematic dog, often with
questionable genetics and poor raising. These dogs can be a threat to their own
livestock (and livelihood) and few have the time to invest in someone else’s
failed dog. It is not simple to rehabilitate a failed LGD. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The person wanting to find the “good home” does
not understand the risk, stress, time and cost it would take to make this type
of dog into a functional dog. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I know, I would not risk my own sheep’s lives or
risk the chance of my own dogs getting injured in such a situation.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">If the “good home” is not a large sheep operation, perhaps
it is with small acreages or homesteads? Sadly, these places are often not suitable
for failed LGD either. Most homesteads or micro farms have neighbours who may
not appreciate a LGD barking all night. Most smaller homesteads do not have the
work for the dog or the ability to fence to contain a roaming LGD. Few people
are willing to risk having a large breed dog, who has perhaps shown some
killing behaviour around livestock, be in contact with their own and neighbors’
children.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Added to this, there is not
only the threat of a bite incident with an unknown adult LGD, but the liability
of a dog roaming and potentially causing a vehicle accident is just too
overwhelming for most people to contemplate. Few homesteaders have the
experience to work with a problematic dog. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><br />
Finally, the in-town, pet home is an even less likely option. Their natural
guarding behaviour, their canine aggressiveness, their stranger wariness, the strength,
and size simply do not lend themselves to town or pet living situations. There
simply is no demand or not enough good homes for unwanted LGD.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The “good home” for the failed LGD rarely exists. People who
start with LGD need to be aware of this. Few people are wanting a wool pulling,
lamb eating, chicken killing, calf chasing large breed dog. The moment you take
that cute pup or multiple pups’ home, your options for an alternative home “if
they don’t work out” is almost non-existent. The responsibility of breeding and
placement is with the breeder. However, it is the first owner’s responsibility
to give this pup the best chance of success and to commit to owning this dog
for its life span. It is very important that new owners are supported in making
the best decisions they can to ensure the pup has a lifelong home. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Sometimes the best decision is for the person enquiring
about LGD, is to choose to not get an LGD. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As hard as it maybe to hear, not every
situation warrants an LGD. Many of the rehomes are coming from smaller
homesteads who only have a few poultry or maybe a handful of other livestock.
Many people are unprepared for the work it takes to get a dog to be reliable
with poultry and other small stock. Few are prepared for the sheer determination
a LGD can have to escape from its pen, or the aggression it can display towards
strangers or animals unfamiliar to it. The time, cost and work it takes to get
a poultry safe dog is vastly underestimated.<br />
<br />
It is time for the LGD community to say no to selling pups into situations
where the chance of failure is high. We need to be vocal about how most LGD
were never bred to be guardians of poultry or rabbits, and that most immature
LGD will harm them, given the opportunity. They were bred to cover large
distances moving with the shepherds and their flocks and are mostly not suited
to small acreages. They are strong and independent thinkers which makes them
hard to train, obedience is not a top priority for these breeds. They are
physically strong dogs who do best in serious working situations. We need to
talk about how not all LGD work out, many do harm stock while growing up, it is
a challenge to keep them fenced in on smaller places, they bark a lot, they are
not always the friendliest dogs, they might even kill the beloved cat. Many
people need a large dose of realism and people new to LGD need to hear this.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Part of the problem also lies in the volume of LGD and LGD
crosses being bred. It is hard to manage intact animals. Perhaps, the continual
pushing of later spay and neutering is contributing to the excessive number of
pups being born. Of course, in a perfect world, it is better to hold off on
spaying and neutering until the dog is over two years of age, but the reality
is heat-cycles in females are easily missed and before you know it, the LGD is
bred by the collie. Few people are even capable of recognizing when their
female is in heat, and many do not have a place to lock her up in for a three-week
stint. There is a risk in everything, our dogs live a risky lifestyle. Early
spaying and neutering might have some health risks, but so does pregnancy and
unwanted litters.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Spaying and neutering
makes for more manageable working dogs, and I am a firm believer that owners
should make the decision when to spay and neuter based on what works best for
their operation. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Finally, we need to call out bad management and raising
practices that contribute to failure in LGD. Quite frankly, we need to keep the
“pet dog” mentality out of the working dog world. Many LGD fail due to
misconceptions that pups can only bond to their owners and families while
living in a house.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Or, the notion that
the pup must bond first to its human family before it gets placed with the
livestock. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The sad thing is, this LGD
shelter and unwanted pups’ problem reflects on our industry. The ranchers and
shepherds who need working LGD are viewed as the cause of the problem. We need
to be cognizant of this. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As a livestock
and LGD owning community, we need to do our best to help curb the enormous
influx of these breeds into shelters and the number of LGD being bred. We can
do our part by educating and mentoring suitable owners and dissuading the
acquisition of a LGD into situations with a high chance of failure. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We need to talk about the realities of owning
these dogs, and taking responsibility for the dogs we bring onto operations.
The mythical good home does not exist and often the outcome for the failed LGD
is death.<br />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /></p>Louise Liebenberghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05474938590034065595noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7481785061696705243.post-52770494093645573662023-08-30T05:56:00.000-07:002023-08-30T05:56:26.922-07:00LGD Training Principles ( part 1 and 2)<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3EQN1o6skcqg_t2cuU74nV2U01F1nsg8QLvz-QfSCJQemH1CZg8xwqrfHMNvwE-VstLBTFxWqQ__u2AWIfltW_cK3GwNiiM5XE-6yHizRpxFLDqGYhQZOvZFmho-p27_Vw4D2L35mBIXQ8O6duzTDKx840c6a6Y1TDGuw7isK-b4_VLrSKX0i88mMXjUV/s5184/IMG_2539.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3456" data-original-width="5184" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3EQN1o6skcqg_t2cuU74nV2U01F1nsg8QLvz-QfSCJQemH1CZg8xwqrfHMNvwE-VstLBTFxWqQ__u2AWIfltW_cK3GwNiiM5XE-6yHizRpxFLDqGYhQZOvZFmho-p27_Vw4D2L35mBIXQ8O6duzTDKx840c6a6Y1TDGuw7isK-b4_VLrSKX0i88mMXjUV/w400-h266/IMG_2539.JPG" width="400" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b>Training principles Part 1 and 2</b><br /><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">©</span><span style="line-height: 107%;">Louise
Liebenberg (2023)</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">Written for The Shepherds Magazine<br /></span></span><br /><br /><u>This is a long read as I included both parts 1 and 2 into one post.</u><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">I know I am guilty of suggesting to people, when they are
dealing with an unruly livestock guardian dog (LGD), to simply supervise them
more without more clarification or explanation. For many people this is a
somewhat vague term, and many do not really know what it all involves. This
article will cover some training principles and how they can be used when
dealing with a naughty LGD. There are many ways to skin a cat. Different
approaches are like having a variety of tools in the toolbox, and depending on
the problem, character of the dog and other influences, different approaches
may be needed to achieve a certain result.<br />
<br />
There are several concepts used in the dog training world, both pet and other
working breeds, <br />
some people will only use “positive” <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>or
“force free” methods, while others use a more direct type of approach. I
believe in a more blended approach and depending on what the dog is doing; one should
be able to adjust the approach of training or correction, to fit the dog and
situation. More about this later.<br />
<br />
Positive or force free training simply means you reward they dog for correct
behaviour. When the dog “sits”, you say sit and then reward him with a snack.
You do not pull on the lead or push his butt down to the ground. You wait until
he volunteers the behaviour, or a step towards the desired behaviour you want, and
then reward him for that. The dog will associate the reward, the command, and
the action and this will encourage the dog to learn and repeat his behaviour. It
is all a positive experience for the dog. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the pet dog world this can be called
clicker training, where the click is the reinforcement for a good behaviour. IN
our LGD, we do this on a much larger scale. We allow them to live their lives
freely among the sheep and tend to only intervene if the dog starts showing
worrisome behaviour. We provide learning opportunities by bonding the dog to
the sheep and facilitate his learning in this way. AS long as he does the right
thing, we do not nag him or punish him.<br />
<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The term “positive punishment” is where
a bad thing happens to the dog, because of his (unwanted)behaviour, for
example, your young LGD chases a goat, the goat turns around and butts the dog.
It is a direct approach, in some circles, it is regarded as a “forceful” type
of training method if you, rather than the goat, does the correcting. Instead
of the goat butting him, you throw a bucket at him, and it hits him square on
his bum. This will hopefully result in him connecting the dots, his chasing the
goat, results in a square hit on the bum by a bucket that just fell out of the
air. That was scary and not good, therefore he should not do that anymore.<br />
<br />
<br />
A “negative punishment” is where a good thing is taken away from the dog due to
his behaviour. So, for example, the dog is pawing you for attention, you can
stand up, walk away, and ignore the dog. His behaviour (pawing you) resulted in
you leaving which means he has lost your attention. For most dogs your
attention is a reward. With LGD this is harder as the stock cannot just walk
away from the dog and ignore him. However, as an owner you can take away his
freedom or a bone if he is resource guarding. If he is growling at the sheep
for coming to the hay feeder, you can take him away and put him in a different
area. For many LGD, this form of correcting is a lot harder for them to make
the connection of their behaviour and the consequence of that behaviour. It
works better with high drive dogs who are either very attention motivated and
less so with LGD. However, there are moments where it can be used successfully.
Like jumping up against you, pawing you and other attention seeking behaviours.<br />
<br />
“Negative reinforcement” is when bad thing goes away when the dog adjusts his
behaviour.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>You are teaching your young
LGD to accept being chained. He is pulling at the chain, hanging at the end of
the chain, yelping, and having a meltdown. As soon as he lets up and takes a
step forward, the pressure of the chain releases and the young dog has relief.
The dog soon learns it is a lot more pleasant to just sit and wait calmly
rather than fight the chain. This is a form of pressure and release used in the
horse training world.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Particularly with pet dogs, the environment in which they
live, a lot of training happens under controlled circumstances and can allow
for a more positive and force-free training approach. It is rare that a pet dog
living in a flat can show behaviours that can result in the harm or injury of
other animals such as newborn lambs. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When it comes to LGD it is a lot harder to
control the environment, situation, the time, and of course the behaviour of
the livestock and their interactions with the LGD. Added to this already
complex situation we are asking for behaviours which are unnatural; we are
expecting a predator to live peacefully and harmoniously with a prey animal,
and not only that, but we also want him to fight off other predators to keep
the prey safe. <br />
<br />
<br />
With LGD, there is often minimal “training” as such, we strive instead, to mold
the behaviour of the dog into what fits our expectations and needs. It may not
be crucial for the young LGD to learn to sit and shake paws on command, but it
is essential he shows appropriate behaviour toward the livestock. The bit of
training we do tend to do, helps us to manage the dog better. I teach all my
LGD to be handled for veterinary care, they can all walk nicely on a leash,
they can be chained up, they will load into a stock trailer, the come (for the
most part) when I call, and they are taught a few basic commands. This makes
the dogs easier to handle, manage and teaches them to learn from us.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">When a young dog misbehaves or is showing inappropriate
behaviour towards the livestock, it is rare that a positive only training
approach will work. The dog will need some form of punishment or correction to
override the fun and enjoyment he is having from chasing the lambs, running
them down and pulling on their wool.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In
this scenario a positive punishment might be the only way to break his
attention and the correction needs to be sufficient to stop the unwanted behaviour.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If the pup is in a playful mood and is
play-bowing and inviting the sheep to a game, then a verbal correction or a
well aimed bucket might be sufficient for the dog to stop this behaviour.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is on the owner to find that balance of
the “punishment should fit the crime”. If it is too mild, the dog will simply
go back to wanting to play with the lambs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Too harsh, and the dog might never want to live with the sheep again.<br />
If the dog is hell bent on chasing and harming the lambs, then the punishment
needs to be a lot more direct, and forceful, to ensure the dog really
understands that his behaviour needs to stop. The dog must be able to link the
correction to his bad behaviour (you need to catch him in the act). <br />
Preferably, you need to stop him before he does the bad behaviour, at that
point where he is getting excited and thinking about it, is a good moment to
remind the dog that what he is about to do is not a good idea. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">It is often hard to catch a LGD before he is about to do
something bad, as we generally do not eat, sleep, and live with the sheep
ourselves. The time we spend with the dog and the sheep is quite limited. We
often only see the results of the naughty behaviour many hours later. This is
of course a huge problem in working with LGD and trying to stop problematic
behaviour. We are often too late, and the dog has already entrenched bad
behaviour into his mind as something ‘fun” to do. This is why we need to pay attention
to all warning signs he may be exhibiting.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">It is at this point that the advice is often given to
supervise the dog more. People say well how can I supervise at night, or I
don’t know if a lamb will be born today, so how can I supervise the dog?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>What does supervising even mean? Surely,
they should just be good with the livestock as that is what they are bred to do.
It is at this point where dogs either shot, rehomed, or spend the rest of their
lives on the porch as many owners do not step up and deal with the problems the
dog is exhibiting. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">To answer some of these general questions. Well bred LGD do
have a high protective instinct once they are mature and if bonded to the
livestock will extend that protectiveness to the stock.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Having these instincts does not mean they are
immune to normal dog adolescent behaviours. Having good instincts does not mean
they will always do the right thing. A well-bred border collie with a strong
instinct to herd, will not win the top sheepdog trials without some training
and molding. It is the human behind the dog who works with the instinct, molds,
and shapes the behaviour and provides the corrections and positive
reinforcement for good behaviour. Instinct alone, is not a guarantee for a good
behaviour. It is the foundation to build upon.<br />
<br />
Most shepherds do not live with their sheep full time. So, if you dog is
starting to show unwanted behaviour you must spend more time monitoring or
spying on the dog. You need to be aware of all and any unwanted behaviour he is
showing. You need to know what to look for and have a plan how to deal with
this bad behaviour. If you know your teenage pup is getting to the chase phase,
they you might want to spend more time in the pasture at sunup and sundown to
watch his interactions and correct as needed. You need to remove weak and sick
animals from the area where the young dog is living. You want to watch him
during lambing and step up and correct him for interfering. If you are ready
for bed and are unsure if the dog is “safe” with the stock, it is always better
to either put him in a kennel in the pasture or on a zip line than allow him to
potentially chase and harm the livestock while you sleep. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is always better to avoid bad habits from
developing than allowing them to become entrenched and escalate. A night on a
zipline is better than him killing lambs.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBTqrvlDgXpnBuO3TZFd26MozU2uV2Eg5d3EnO_tuxTK_PiuxKr2K2yTloIkE770zegMalJYwqWQha1miwwmLpXJ0sBvUp_dj3xUqjGQsUxLMG74WyF2RZ6FSmgAW5V1ahxLb9numTLULNEX8UQLAcBMTn7xuECBg_ajQ5tCQ7S_T0XUxRIC5Cc-toASz_/s5184/IMG_4861.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3456" data-original-width="5184" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBTqrvlDgXpnBuO3TZFd26MozU2uV2Eg5d3EnO_tuxTK_PiuxKr2K2yTloIkE770zegMalJYwqWQha1miwwmLpXJ0sBvUp_dj3xUqjGQsUxLMG74WyF2RZ6FSmgAW5V1ahxLb9numTLULNEX8UQLAcBMTn7xuECBg_ajQ5tCQ7S_T0XUxRIC5Cc-toASz_/w400-h266/IMG_4861.JPG" width="400" /></a></p><p class="MsoNormal"><br />
<br />
It may require some additional facilitation to work with a naughty young dog.
You might have to build a bonding pen for the pup somewhere where you can
easily see what he is doing, or place cameras where you can monitor him.
Sometimes, it means moving the dog to a bigger field, or in with other
livestock. If I have a young dog that looks like she is triggered by lambs
bouncing and playing, this dog will be moved into the lambing barn and tied up
there, so she can see lambs running and playing all day. I am “flooding” her
with triggers, and preventing her from acting on those triggers. Usually, a few
weeks and with controlled free time amount the lambs, she is accustomed to the
lambs racing around that she ignores them. I will continue to monitor her for
any signs she might be getting excited about their movements and prevented bad
habits from developing.<br />
If the dog remains too excited, I will often place her in with older livestock
who do not run, play and bounce. I will allow this dog to mature more and work
with her at the next lambing time. By doing this, I am giving the young dog
every opportunity to learn and preventing her getting herself into trouble.<br />
<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Facilitation is <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>creating good situations to help the dog
become successful, it may involve moving sheep to suit the young dog, purchasing
nice kind sheep to bond with, changing pastures, setting up a zipline,
kenneling her if you have no time to work with her, building a bonding pen,
fixing fences to avoid escaping, making a yoke if that is what the dog
requires, selling off those old ornery goats who relentless beat up a young
dog. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This is why LGD are not for
everyone, as it takes time and effort to work through the rough stages and some
dogs can be so determined and single-minded, that it can be exasperating to
work with.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Avoiding situations where a dog can make big mistakes is the
basis for working with young LGD. Timing and consequential corrections are key
elements to all dog training, no matter the breed or the job.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>Louise Liebenberghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05474938590034065595noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7481785061696705243.post-82438219437597827092023-06-21T20:50:00.006-07:002023-06-21T20:54:59.133-07:00Owner Failure with LGD<p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><span><b>Owner
failure</b><br /><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">©</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><span>Louise
Liebenberg (2023)<br /></span>Written for: The Shepherd's Magazine</span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRYkmkIE_1Mbd74cNDjn0q1XsM4VtORRhiwRo900DoZ9UbHMn_s6p9UDPcgv07lvElvUtGv3J1xzfAmRakTkurn1v-jJm3hFGkPNG9PQQJ4Gf2PHu1zBNPQ6qzK7uKm4o0y1L4hcdeprjhVOCFrKxbH_LAZlc7Ph5Hz8TQ7jszQs2ej3oFkStMOa_jwf0Y/s5184/IMG_2539.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3456" data-original-width="5184" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRYkmkIE_1Mbd74cNDjn0q1XsM4VtORRhiwRo900DoZ9UbHMn_s6p9UDPcgv07lvElvUtGv3J1xzfAmRakTkurn1v-jJm3hFGkPNG9PQQJ4Gf2PHu1zBNPQ6qzK7uKm4o0y1L4hcdeprjhVOCFrKxbH_LAZlc7Ph5Hz8TQ7jszQs2ej3oFkStMOa_jwf0Y/w400-h266/IMG_2539.JPG" width="400" /></a></div><br />
<!--[endif]-->
<br /><span style="font-family: arial;">
Not all things that go wrong with livestock guardian dogs (LGD) are because the
dog made a mistake or was misbehaving. Very often, the owner or breeder made
choices that created issues for the young dog and without some prompt and
corrective actions can result in the dog failing. Sadly, it is often the dog
that pays for these bad decisions with his life.<br />
<br />
A good start for the LGD begins with the breeder selecting appropriate homes
for the pups. Too often I hear of breeders selling multiple pups into a
suburban home or a micro homestead situation, surrounded by neighbours. Of
course, a lot of the responsibility lies with the buyer, but a good breeder
would simply not place their pups in such a home. It is common knowledge that
most LGD breeds bark a lot, can become stranger and other dog aggressive and
generally do not do well on very small homesteads with little to no work to do.
Very often these pups must be locked up all night in the garage to avoid
upsetting the neighbours, people get into trouble with animal control and
roaming becomes a problem because the young dogs are bored. Good breeders will
simply say no to such a situation as many of these dogs end up needing to be
rehomed.<br />
<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Many owners also have unrealistic
expectations for their dogs thinking because they were bred to be LGD, it
should all go smoothly. Not every LGD makes the grade to becoming a successful
LGD, however many of them could be, if given a chance and some guidance. Recently,
I heard of a family that shot their less than two-year-old LGD because it was
chasing the sheep. In many adolescent dogs this is a common problem and with
some corrections and supervision many young LGD grow out of this naughty
behaviour. I believe in many cases some owners grab the gun to quickly, many
dog who are given extra guidance and correction can go on and become good
working dogs. Sometimes all that is needed is a change of environment, other
livestock, different pasture and in some cases a new owner. Perhaps, we need to
adjust some expectations and understand that these are living creatures who can
and will make mistakes. I have had multiple dogs who have been less than
stellar at times, and nothing is more rewarding than years down the road
looking back and seeing how that once naughty dog, matured into a solid member
of the guardian team. I have helped an owner rehome a dog that they said was
unreliable, the female went to live with a friend of mine and has become an
absolutely trustworthy dog around their livestock and notably even around free
ranging chickens. All this dog needed was a good and timely correction. This
dog soon figured out what was expected of it. <br />
<br />
We often want the tough dog that will face up to bears and wolves when needed,
but in many ways, we are not prepared to deal with the type of character that
comes with such a strong-willed dog. I have mentioned in previous articles that
high drive, dominant and independent dogs are often “harder” to work with as
they bring this hardness with them through adolescence.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If we only select for the soft, easy to train
ones then, we cannot expect them to ward off apex predators. Bravery, boldness,
aggression, and determination are character traits, and although needed when
dealing with a high predator load, also makes raising these pups a challenge.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When the coyotes are picking off your lambs
and your dog will only stand and bark at them from a distance, then you know there
might be an issue! At this point, I usually get a call from folks looking for a
“harder “dog who will take on those coyotes. However, what most people are not
ready for, is that these tougher dogs are more challenging to raise. It is no
use shooting the tough dog, because he is tough to raise, when you are dealing
with a predator issues.</span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">
I think it would be good if more breeders spoke about what they have done to
work through problems. Breeders need to normalise talking about some of the
challenges some dogs presented while raising their dogs. Just because a line
might be more challenging to raise, does not mean they are bad dogs, buyers
just need to be aware of this. There is no need to sugar coat things, as a
breeder you can certainly ask a buyer if they are willing and able to work with
a stronger natured dog and if not, then no harm in recommending a less
aggressive breed. The beauty of the LGD, there are over 40 different LGD breeds,
and many have quite predictable character traits ranging from fairly mild and
softer, to aggressive and strong. Breeders need to be able to offer guidance
and mentorship to their pup buyers. A friend of mine has a lovely, “perfect”
LGD, she is stellar at lambing and has been a great flock protector in heavy
predator country. A while back we were chatting, and she reminded me how that
same dog went through a chase and nipping phase as a young dog. I had
completely forgotten about it as this dog was such an amazing LGD. This friend
worked through this phase, gave corrections when needed and changed things
around to accommodate this adolescent dog, placing this dog in an area with
mature animals and closer to home to keep an eye on her. With some time and
maturity, this dog become a highly valued member of the guardian team, and the
short time spent working with this dog back in her younger days has resulted in
almost a decade of excellent protection to the livestock.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><br />
I have had similar experiences where I have needed to place a rambunctious
teenager into the bull pen or tether him for a while. I have learnt over the
years to differentiate a young LGD intentions, most naughtiness, if not allowed
to escalate, can easily be corrected. A dog whose intentions are to kill, or
“hunt” livestock can be, differentiated from simple naughty behaviour. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The key when dealing with those initial
moments of naughtiness, is <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>how the owner
responds to that behaviour, that will ultimately determine whether the dog will
be successful of not. Dogs who are allowed to rough play and seriously harm the
sheep repeatedly, get to a point they can no longer be corrected or
rehabilitated as LGD. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Too often we
do not spend enough time with a young LGD to teach it some basic dog manners.
If we ever want or need to rehome an LGD, it is a lot easier if this dog is
accustomed to being handled, knows how to walk calmly on a lead, is not food
aggressive, is used to being groomed and knows general dog manners. Many of
these dogs might not be suitable as LGD but they certainly can go on and become
good all round farm dogs. With shelters overflowing, chances of a young
unsocialized LGD finding a new placement is very slim so every advantage we can
give them is a bonus.<br />
<br />
Sometimes we just need to “repurpose” a dog, this could mean a new address, new
job or even a different class of livestock. Many years ago, I sold a pup to
people who had a grizzly bear problem. The bears would raid their chicken coops
and ripped the buildings open. They needed a dog to be an all-round farm dog
and just keep the bears at bay. He did a stellar job at that except he become
increasingly intolerant of the families own Labrador house dogs. Grizz came
back to me when he was about two years old. He had, after his initial pup
stage, never been back with sheep so I decided I would just keep him as I
needed a guard dog for in my yard. Over the years, Grizz has become solid with
the sheep and cattle, and although not a real LGD, he does fulfill some
valuable other roles on the ranch. He keeps the yard safe of bears, moose,
coyotes, skunks, foxes, and other critters. He is the official “guard dog” for
me and my home, he is the all-round companion and for the past few years he has
become the hay bale protector keeping the elk out of the hay yards. Due to his
good nature, he has found a new purpose here. Having a social and well-behaved
dog made this transition easy. Some people get out of livestock and then feel
the need to rehome their LGD as they have no animals left. In my experience, many
LGD can easily transition to being farm dogs and living out their lives on the place
they were raised on.</span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgV8wLWyTWG67aLwgwA-U0GDdO8UGBIhPWtFCqxuud43zX39d9waZgpN8cHZImXpWIgHeDagt89fnq5jHR3q35N5lB2Zyrfvvg_pBdTqUkWGiW5TubocQt40-6qrqZu0LnpLbnuLTVpAMFrFw1dyz-dy_AIgFMjNEdyt_c4mvVCfyYI59Rx6obGxZ0qw6vz/s5184/IMG_4861.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3456" data-original-width="5184" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgV8wLWyTWG67aLwgwA-U0GDdO8UGBIhPWtFCqxuud43zX39d9waZgpN8cHZImXpWIgHeDagt89fnq5jHR3q35N5lB2Zyrfvvg_pBdTqUkWGiW5TubocQt40-6qrqZu0LnpLbnuLTVpAMFrFw1dyz-dy_AIgFMjNEdyt_c4mvVCfyYI59Rx6obGxZ0qw6vz/w400-h266/IMG_4861.JPG" width="400" /></span></a></div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: arial;">As owners and breeders, we need to remember that although our dogs do a job
that comes instinctually to them, it does not mean they do not need guidance and
corrections. We do need to allocate the time and energy to work through
potential hiccups and issues along the way. It is not enough just to buy the well-bred
pup; we also need to see it through with time and dedication towards raising the
pup to become a successful LGD.<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /></span>
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p>Louise Liebenberghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05474938590034065595noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7481785061696705243.post-26340146538724531792023-04-06T16:23:00.002-07:002023-04-06T16:23:35.018-07:00When good dogs go bad (Part 2)<p> </p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwv4t2lv4XnY3OXxMPXwOM9YQHw8TTAMQOKS1MZ_l8rNLCk21TWfzMGaoZ8bR1lAEvBe3sYF8PhcIw5IlirzTKoKHVBd8zcDgBY7283i6dTxACCO6HrWxlrljcn8ND9onbpTS7Yn_UHC5JdElXpbW3FVI-KnTq7Ec4uYZg7eBpjfhQVZ3hHzxZn0NsSA/s4272/20100727%20Vuk%20and%20katcha%20110.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2848" data-original-width="4272" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwv4t2lv4XnY3OXxMPXwOM9YQHw8TTAMQOKS1MZ_l8rNLCk21TWfzMGaoZ8bR1lAEvBe3sYF8PhcIw5IlirzTKoKHVBd8zcDgBY7283i6dTxACCO6HrWxlrljcn8ND9onbpTS7Yn_UHC5JdElXpbW3FVI-KnTq7Ec4uYZg7eBpjfhQVZ3hHzxZn0NsSA/w400-h266/20100727%20Vuk%20and%20katcha%20110.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>When good dogs go bad (Part 2)<br /><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;">©</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;"><b>Louise
Liebenberg(2023)</b><br /><br />Written for The Shepherds Magazine</span></span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">In the <a href="http://predator-friendly-ranching.blogspot.com/2023/03/when-good-dogs-go-bad-part-1.html" target="_blank">previous article</a>, I discussed some ideas and considerations for when you have a predation event and you suspect that the LGD might be involved.</p><p class="MsoNormal">The first step to take is to ensure that the livestock is in a safe area and a place where you can manage and supervise any interactions the LGD has with the stock. In every predatation event, you do want to try and ensure that the sheep are moved from that area and in a safe place closer to you to be able to monitor them. If that is not an option, then you may want to consider placing some electric nets in the pasture to make the area where the sheep graze a bit smaller and where you have a better overview on them. You do not want any pattern of predation (wild or domestic) to continue. To rule out your own LGD, it is advisable to remove the dog from the stock. This will serve two purposes; if you have another predator attack while the LGD is tethered or kenneled then you can probably rule out that your dog might have caused the death of the sheep. Kennelling or tethering the dog for a few days will do the dog no harm, while you try to figure out what animal did predate on the sheep. Secondly, if your dog was involved, you certainly do not want him to continue this behaviour and you want to remove any possibility that the dog can do more damage to the livestock. Tethering or kenneling buys you a little time to figure out what your option is.</p><p class="MsoNormal">The next step would be to only allow your LGD back in with the livestock if you can supervise and watch his interactions. You could set up a remote camera system, or simply spy on the dog. It might be hard to “catch him in the act” but you can certainly watch for warning signs. If you have no time, then kennel or tether him until you can supervise. If you are concerned that wildlife killed the sheep, you may want to consider placing the dog on a zipline in the pasture. This allows the dog still to be present with the sheep, he can bark and be a deterrent, but he can not fully engage with the sheep as the sheep can move away from him. Do be aware, that the limited movement your dog has on a zipline, could make him vulnerable to predators. I like to use a combination of deterrents, dog on zipline, electric fences, close to home and possibly additional fox lights.</p><p class="MsoNormal">Behaviour or warning signs can include things like jumping and barking at the livestock, nipping, chewing ears, standing over them, excessive and aggressive resource guarding, over-interest, stalking and staring, moving the sheep, disruptive behaviour, stress and tension in the dog around the livestock, dragging them around by the legs and neck, wool pulling, chasing, over excitement or triggered behaviour ( so when livestock do normal livestock behaviour, the dog gets overly stimulated by this) and of course any outward aggression toward the stock. If the dog is not experienced around newborn lambs, that in itself can be trigger to the dog, the newness, smells of blood and afterbirths, bleating and ewes who become more aggressive toward the dog than usual.</p><p class="MsoNormal">If after a few weeks of supervision, you see no concerning behaviour you can try the dog for longer periods alone with the stock. Ensure the livestock he is in with, is not weak, sickly, or very young. Often a dog will “pick” on a specific animal over and over. Remove any of these animals. I would not trust a “suspect” dog overnight alone with the sheep at this point. </p><p class="MsoNormal">Your dog might only show concerning behaviour under very specific circumstances. For example, the dog could be fine with newborn lambs with a ewe around, but could be predatory to lambs who are “lost”, such as a triplet lamb left behind or lagging behind. The dog might be reactive to a lamb that is calling all the time, or a chicken who is flapping a lot. Sometimes, eating and licking afterbirths can lead to predatory behaviour. I do not mind a dog eating an afterbirth but will not tolerate a dog licking and pulling on it while the ewe is still birthing or if a dog is over involving himself with the birthing. Some dogs may never be reliable with newborns but are solid with larger lambs. Some dogs become aggressive towards rams during breeding season, it could be the “new” animals, or the smell or the higher hormone levels. Some dogs become obsessive with cycling ewes. Some dogs do turn bad from what starts off as scavenging behaviour, so they did not cause the death of the sheep, but did start to eat it, this can lead to an escalation and in some cases to predation (this is often how wild animals start to predate on the sheep, it starts as scavenging behaviour and later becomes predatory). This is not always the case as I do know many dogs who can eat dead stock and never harm a live one. It is hard to isolate what changes in the dog to go from reliable to predatory.</p><p class="MsoNormal">Another trigger can be the bad behaviour of another dog. Some LGD will not guard the livestock from other dogs. If those dogs, for example, other farm dogs or pets, chase a sheep, the LGD might participate with those dogs. A mother dog might not correct her own adolescent pups when they rough play with the sheep or even kill them.</p><p class="MsoNormal">LGD walk a very fine line between living with the sheep and not becoming predatory towards them. It is logical that not everyone will “work out”. Some just have a higher prey drive than others, and some are easily stimulated into bad behaviour. Some of the “harder” breeds can have a higher failure rate than the more placid breeds simply because they tend to have a higher aggression level. Think of a ewe butting a dog and the dog retaliates, in a harder breed this is a little more common.</p><p class="MsoNormal">The problem with predatory behaviour is that once it is stimulated, it is very hard to stop. It is a self rewarding behaviour. I like to think that the predatory behaviour is dormant in most LGD, and hopefully is remains that way, however if stimulated, it certainly awakens something in the dog. It is like a little border collie pup getting turned on to sheep, it goes from nothing to turned on in an instant and once this pup is zoned in on the sheep it is virtually impossible to turn off. It is only through training and control that the pup can learn to switch off its work mode when not needed, but it is never gone. </p><p class="MsoNormal">With the LGD, I feel it is very important to make sure that the predatory instinct does not get stimulated or awakened, because you cannot put that “genie” back once it is out. The old saying of prevention is better than a cure, is applicable here. Try to ensure the young dog is not placed into situations that could illicit a predatory response. Here are some examples for this:</p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li> By raising a pup with the livestock from a young age you take the excitement of being around the livestock away. The pup will learn that livestock belong in his world. A pup raised in the house or away from stock will often meet the stock in a very elevated and excited way, this can lead to wanting to run, chase and overzealous reactions by the dog, which causes the sheep to run, this in turn excites the dog to chase. Once it starts to chase, the first step to predatory behaviour could be awakened.<br /><br /></li><li>Allowing a young dog to be too involved with the birthing process, particularly if it is licking lambs, pushing the ewes away, eating afterbirths while ewe is still lambing. The smell of the blood and fluids can excite the dog. Some dogs end up attacking the ewe while she is trying to protect her lamb from an overzealous dog. Teach the dog to back off and not interfere.<br /><br /></li><li>Remove weak, sick, and gimpy animals.<br /><br /></li><li>Watch the dog if you restrain a sheep, if it gets really excited because of the struggling of the sheep, a reprimand and backing it off is what the dog needs.<br /><br /></li><li>A dog that is “playing” with the sheep is honing his predatory skills. Stop that immediately.<br /><br /></li><li>Excessive and aggressive resource guarding is another behaviour to pay attention to.<br /><br /></li><li>Dogs generally do not grow out of bad behaviour. They do learn how to avoid being caught or how to do it when no one is around. They must be taught it is unacceptable. </li></ul><p></p><p class="MsoNormal">The chances of a LGD being rehabilitated from predatory behaviour towards the livestock is low. Particularly, if the dog has been allowed to repeat this behaviour multiple times. It is so important, even if you are not sure if the dog is responsible for the death of the sheep, to ensure it does not have the opportunity to repeat that behaviour. If a dog kills a lamb the first time it might have happened accidently, the second time the dog learns and the third time it is a pattern.</p><p class="MsoNormal">You can still have a chance to modifying the behaviour if it is at the accident stage, but once it learns and forms a pattern, making a reliable LGD of this dog, becomes nearly impossible. It is also always easier to modify the behaviour of a young dog than that of an older, mature dog who has learned a specific self rewarding behaviour.</p><p class="MsoNormal">Some people can make a work around. with a dog that has proven to not be totally reliable. Some will only have the dog in with non-breeding stock, or just adult livestock, or only in with larger livestock like cattle, some even have the dog work in a moat situation where the LGD is on the outside of a livestock fence. All these work arounds are okay as the dog can still be somewhat functional. In many cases these are good solutions for the dog who may not be reliable in all situations but is still useful in specific situations.</p><p class="MsoNormal">The key take away is that not all LGD are perfect. Some show troublesome behaviour early and others can develop issues when mature. It is hard to know exactly what causes the dog to change. If a predation even happens while the LGD is in the field with the sheep, I will always first suspect the dog and take measures to control and supervise his interactions with the sheep. If you can rule out the dog, then you might want to question why the dog did nothing to stop the predation while he was in the field. Either way, it is not a good situation. If you want to have a chance of trying to rehabilitate a dog, then you must ensure it can never repeat that behaviour and it is never placed in a situation where it can be triggered into bad behaviour.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal">
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></p>Louise Liebenberghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05474938590034065595noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7481785061696705243.post-45642028733223015412023-03-15T15:55:00.002-07:002023-03-15T15:55:26.928-07:00When good dogs go bad (Part 1)<p> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh63y9g-FHLiMCYwfhwk50RfC6e6_41rxSSwT_qlVd1fXo6QI7ZKXPtpDuKscQcHyxHWelGi9h4-PPrkfSaWzvTMBdurNPlFomLXUhm0QBxvcQ2oxUpoymIAIeK0mOWMcbkcdXkSdZ-jsX5sw9Qp_VehfFzBcBgOVs6F6vPOBq4yhQ_4y2Z203OV4HYIg/s720/wool%20pulling%203%20crop.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="720" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh63y9g-FHLiMCYwfhwk50RfC6e6_41rxSSwT_qlVd1fXo6QI7ZKXPtpDuKscQcHyxHWelGi9h4-PPrkfSaWzvTMBdurNPlFomLXUhm0QBxvcQ2oxUpoymIAIeK0mOWMcbkcdXkSdZ-jsX5sw9Qp_VehfFzBcBgOVs6F6vPOBq4yhQ_4y2Z203OV4HYIg/w400-h266/wool%20pulling%203%20crop.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Laurie McLaren photo</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br />When good
dogs go bad (Part 1)<br />
</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">©</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Louise Liebenberg (2023)<br />Written for <a href="http://www.theshepherdmagazine.com/" target="_blank">The Shepherds Magazine</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">When a
predation incident occurs in the pasture while the livestock guardian dog (LGD)
is in the field with the sheep, can be very confusing to sort out what occurred.
The scene can be baffling as one does not normally expect predation in the
field where the LGD are, and yet there are either dead or injured livestock in
the field. It is human nature to want to understand what happened; how did the
predator get in, why did the dog not “do anything”, what predator was it and
what to do now? One needs to be a bit like a crime scene investigator and try
to piece the puzzle together. This article is going to look at some myths
surrounding the killing and harming of livestock by an LGD.<br />
<br />
Just as in a murder or disappearance, the police always take a closer look at
those people closest to the victim. They look at spouse or family first and who
was last seen with the victim. It is always a good place to start, even when it
comes to dead or injured livestock in the pasture with the LGD.<br />
Unless there is a pattern of regular predation taking place, then the first
place to look is at the ranch’s own dogs, these could be pets, herding or even the
LGD. All dogs are predators and considering that our LGD live with the
livestock, this is the first place to look when sheep are injured or killed in
a pasture. It is always better to rule out our own dogs first and take
preventative measures to ensure no further injury or killing of the sheep takes
place.<br />
<br />
It is often very hard for people to wrap their head around that their LGD, who
was acquired to protect the flock, could now be suspected of harming the
animals. It is easier to blame a random predator for causing havoc amongst the flock
than it is to believe the trusted dog could do this. Sadly, it is more common
than one wants to believe. Younger adolescent dogs can be prone to rough
housing or showing some more worrisome behaviour, things like wool pulling,
chewing ears, chasing the sheep, and nipping them. These signs are usually an
indication that the owner needs to take control and work with the dog to ensure
he stops this behaviour. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Not stopping
this behaviour will result in escalation and that never ends well for either
the sheep or the dog. It is a lot harder to believe that an older, previously
reliable LGD changes and starts to harm the livestock, but this can happen when
certain events trigger the predatory behaviour in the dog.<br />
<br />
Younger LGD tend to harm the livestock due to too much energy, not enough work,
playfulness, ganging up on the livestock together with other younger dogs,
naughtiness and a multitude of other reasons. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When an older dog suddenly changes and starts
to harm the livestock, the triggers for this change might be harder to
identify. I have heard of a female who had a litter of pups, change and starting
to kill lambs to “feed” the pups, or when a new dog is introduced to the older,
reliable LGD that together, they two start to kill the livestock. Another
incident I have seen is when a goat got its head stuck in a feeder and the goat
was screaming and bouncing around and this “wounded prey” behaviour of the goat
triggered the dog to harm the goat.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dogs
that have shown high prey drive as younger dogs, can easily be triggered to revert
to that behaviour. Some dogs are reliable when alone with the livestock, but
when partnered with another dog, they “hunt” the livestock.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Certain triggers can sometimes elicit a
predatory response in an LGD, this can include birthing events, injured
livestock, new livestock, gimpy and weak animals, scavenging on carcasses, new
LGD added to the pack, new home, hormones, excessive resource guarding or dogs
who stay in a very juvenile mindset for a long time. <br />
<br />
When trying to figure out if this was indeed a wild predator that injured the
stock or your own dogs, there may be some clues.<br />
The dog might have shown a pattern of problematic behaviour before or at least
shown some warning signs before. Typical signs of a dog harassing the sheep
include chasing, nipping, wool pulling, chewed ears, bite marks on legs,
missing tails, scratch marks on the hide. Often there will be lots of pieces of
wool laying in the pasture, the sheep will be nervous and jumpy, or the sheep
will be standing tightly bunched in a corner of the pasture while breathing
heavily. If sheep have been killed you will often see a hind leg chewed off,
the belly opened and scratch marks on the hide or just the wool plucked off
depending on when you come into the pasture and disrupt whatever was going on.<br />
Most dogs, unless they have killed before, do not really know how to kill
quickly and cleanly.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sometimes, the dog
might kill a sheep by running it to death and then the dog will not really know
what to do further and may end up simply just laying beside the sheep, giving
the illusion that it is guarding the dead sheep or that it has chased off the
predators after the sheep had been killed. Although plausible, it is still
better to be 100% certain that the dog did not cause the demise of the sheep. <br />
<br />
With lambs, it is not unusual for a dog to carry the lamb around and try and
bury it, sometimes the dog will consume half the lamb or simply just eating the
head of the lamb. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Some people will see
the LGD with the lamb and assume the dog is guarding the lamb or protecting it
from predators. The dog can chew a head or leg off a lamb so cleanly, that it
looks like a surgical incision.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I have
read some people’s posts on social media where they describe a lamb kill where
just the head is missing, or the hide is peeled back, or scratch marks on the
lamb.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Another myth
that is often perpetuated is that if a LGD kills or injures a sheep it “will be
covered in blood”. This is not necessarily true, and it is often very hard to
find blood on the fur. Most LGD have fur that self cleans quickly. Years ago,
we had two huskies that got into our sheep and killed 24 ewes, injured dozens
more and there was not a speck of blood on either dog. We had caught both dogs
in the act and had leashed them so we could track down the owner. It was only
possible to “prove” these dogs did the killing by the veterinarian inducing the
dogs to vomit and finding wool fibers in their stomach contents. Although the
sheep were massacred, there was no blood to be found on either dog.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">There are
some signs to look for when trying to distinguish between a predator kill and
that of a dog. Most dogs are sloppy killers, predators tend to be more
efficient and specialized. If one looks closely at the neck of a dead ewe, one
can usually see the small puncture marks on the bottom side of the neck if a
coyote killed the sheep. One can measure the distance between the two canine
teeth to help distinguish between the bite of a wolf or coyote. Most coyotes
kill the sheep by strangulation as opposed to ripping the throat open. The bite
area is clean, small, and rarely will have more than a small drop of blood
around the wound.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Wolf kills, the
puncture marks are also relatively small and deep, however if you skin the
sheep or calf, it will show massive bruising under the skin. With wild
predators you will also often find drag marks as they do try to move the
carcass, one can usually see a kill spot, drag marks and the eating area.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Coyote attacks
are usually very quick while dog attacks can be quite prolonged, flocks that
experience a coyote attack may seem calmer and quieter than after a dog attack,
due to the efficiency of the kill.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Coyotes
seldom inflict injuries to other parts of the adult animal or carcass, dogs
typically do.</span> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Dogs will
often attack from the side or rear inflicting non-fatal wounds on various parts
of the body. Frequently the skin and muscles in the flank, hindquarters and
head will be ripped. Neck wounds will typically show rips and slashes rather
than the neat puncture wounds left by the teeth of a coyote.</span> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Dog attacks results often in multiple
injured animals, the scene will be messy. Dogs might start to chew on the live
animal, where most coyotes will kill first before feeding. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If the sheep is eaten, a coyote will normally open
the stomach cavity and feed from the inside out. Dogs will often chew on
various parts of the carcass and will usually eat from the outside in,
generally starting around the anus area, hind leg or shoulder.<br />
<br />
In the event of a kill in your pasture, particularly if there has not been a
recent history of predation, I would always suspect the ranch dogs first,
whether it is the LGD, pets or herding dogs. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In next months article I will continue with
this topic and how to further manage this situation.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></p>Louise Liebenberghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05474938590034065595noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7481785061696705243.post-14214472709342782742023-02-15T20:06:00.005-08:002023-02-15T20:09:05.925-08:00How to find your next guardian dog pup.<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8IjLb-GJttxManN4V92A6vSs775ACvd-Ko9MTZhyhiMR7rB4hOJH3UljUiEBujAWXy5R9d6wBe7UAcp1IPW9nHGySxGcN5gBE7vbdbwg-nx74VaWwbQMhwtgEfZzAFZW3FGSX7xJLX4En92A-tgPEaqi1zoofwrV8l_bCMl9fDISA1dXS1t5F7F8fgw/s4272/Blog_20121121%20pups%20086.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2848" data-original-width="4272" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8IjLb-GJttxManN4V92A6vSs775ACvd-Ko9MTZhyhiMR7rB4hOJH3UljUiEBujAWXy5R9d6wBe7UAcp1IPW9nHGySxGcN5gBE7vbdbwg-nx74VaWwbQMhwtgEfZzAFZW3FGSX7xJLX4En92A-tgPEaqi1zoofwrV8l_bCMl9fDISA1dXS1t5F7F8fgw/w400-h266/Blog_20121121%20pups%20086.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 107%;"><br /><b>How to find your next guardian dog pup.</b><br /><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">©</span><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Louise
Liebenberg (2022)<br /></span>Written for <a href="http://www.theshepherdmagazine.com/" target="_blank">The Shepherd's Magazine</a><br />
<br />
Once the decision is made to add a livestock guardian dog</span> (<span style="line-height: 107%;">LGD) to the ranch, the search begins
to find a suitable pup or adult dog that can be added to your flock. In many
cases people are a bit unsure how to go about finding a “good” breeder. In this
article I am going to offer some suggestions on how to find a breeder or pup. <br />
It can be a challenge to find the right dog for your operation and many people
are a little stumped where to look and what to look for. Since Facebook does
not allow animal sales posts and Craig’s list might not be the best place to
find your future guardian dog, finding that pup or breeder can be a little daunting,
particularly when new to LGD or even livestock raising.<br />
<br />
I think the first step is to look at your operation and decide what you are
really looking for, each operation is different and that means the needs are also
different. If you have a large, grazed range type flock, in an area with many
predators your requirements are very different than a small homestead type of
operation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Writing down a list of wants
and needs is a good place to start. <br />
<br />
The next step is doing your research, read books, read breed websites, join
some LGD pages and learn as much as you can before you purchase a pup. Spending
a few days doing research is a good investment of time. A LGD should not be
purchased on a whim, as it is a 10 plus year commitment and the lives of your livestock
and, potentially your livelihood will depend on the LGD doing a good job.<br />
<br />
You could include contacting breed clubs to help narrow down the type of dog
you are wanting. Some breed clubs focus more on pet and companion dogs and
others value and uphold working dogs. Either way, it is still a good starting
point for general information and potential leads on litters. It is good to
learn more about the traits, character, size, coat, temperament, of each
specific breed. There are well over 40 different LGD breeds, each with their
own ingrained characteristics. Some breeds have milder natures while others are
higher drive dogs. </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 107%;">Personally,
I think the actual breed is a little less important than finding the right
breeder. For example, you need a truck, it can be a Dodge, Ford or GMC, all
similar vehicles but each is slightly different. It might be more important to
find the right dealership that will provide you with quality service, terms and
who will provide support and help when and if you need it. Similarly, most LGD
share a lot of similar traits but finding the right breeder who can mentor and
guide you might be more important than the breed itself. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Some breeders offer a lifetime guarantee for
support, while others offer support to the end of their driveway.<br />
<br />
I think the best route to finding the right breed or even breeder is to speak
to the folks who already use LGD. This could be through sheep organizations,
producer forums, and neighbors. Find producers who raise livestock in a similar
area and manner as you do. Ask them about their dogs, where they got their dogs
or even any issues or recommendations they may have. We raise livestock in a
very high predator area but also in an extremely harsh cold climate. Finding
dogs who have been raised and worked in similar circumstances will ensure a
high probability of success.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I think we
need to move away from solely searching for dogs just through the internet and
we need to go back and pick up the phone and speak to other producers. Having
these conversations will be both educational and will most likely lead to more
contacts and references on who might have pups available and who to avoid.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 107%;">Then the
process starts on contacting various breeders and talking to them about their
breeding program, how the pups are raised, what the parents of the pups are
like and how they work, veterinary information, price, and any other things you
might need to know. Some breeders make require you to sign a purchase
agreement, breeding restrictions may apply, others might require proof of spay/
neuter or even things like hip dysplasia testing. It is good to know ahead of
time what the expectations are on both sides. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Some buyers prefer a “no strings attached”
approach and others value the input and contact with a breeder. If possible,
ask to meet the breeder and the parents of the pups. Be aware that some
breeders might have a waiting list and so getting a good pup might mean you
have to wait for it.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 107%;">Questions
that could be important to ask include things like:<br />
What type of support do you offer?<br />
Should my life circumstances change, are you willing to take the pup back or
help with rehoming?<br />
What program would you recommend for the initial raising of the pup?<br />
Do you offer any guarantee’s and if so, what?<br />
What age can the pup leave the litter? (Should be at least 8 weeks and older)</span>
<br />
<span style="line-height: 107%;">How experienced or
knowledgeable is the breeder?<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 107%;">There are
also lots of reg flags when puppy shopping. <br /></span><span>Here are some to be aware of:</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="line-height: 107%;">
Breeders selling crosses with non LGD breeds.</span></li><li>If the breeder cannot spell their own breed name correctly then that would be a
warning sign regarding how well they know their own breed.</li><li>Pups that have colours, size, ear set or other distinguishing features that
make you question the parentage of the pups.</li><li>Selling pups too young.</li><li>Breeders who have multiple litters all at the same time, are they a puppy mill?
Are they in the business of dog breeding or breeding a litter for the livestock
operation?</li><li>Beware of fancy terms; Holistically raised (does this mean no veterinary
care?), or breeders who create a “new breed”, along with a new fancy made up
name?</li><li>Breeders who own no livestock.</li><li>Show breeders toting their ribbons and claiming that instincts do not get lost
even after multiple generations of no work or selection.</li><li>If you are needing a full time working dog, beware of folks saying pups need to
be raised in the house and are not ready to work until over 2 years old.</li></ul><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 107%;">
<br />
In a nutshell, the old fashion “word of mouth” is still often the best way to
find the dog you are needing and wanting. Utilise the internet to learn as much
as you can and be very aware of all the conflicting information. Try and figure
out if the person commenting or advertising on the internet has valid
experience or not. Do some reading; books, websites of LGD breed clubs (it will
soon be apparent who focuses on pets or working traits) subscribe to industry
magazines as many have an advertising section and often in sheep related
magazines you can find advertisements for herding and guardian dogs, speak to
breeders directly, be clear on what you are wanting or needing. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 107%;">Impulse
buying is never a good strategy, neither is emotional buying. I think purchasing
your next flock protector should be a business decision; is it a good
investment, do I have time, are there other or better ways to protect my
livestock, how much do I need a dog compared with how much do I want a dog, is
a LGD what I want, or do I want a general farm dog? Do I have the space, number
of livestock and work for an LGD? Is good fencing a better option? What is my
plan if the dog does not work out? Can I manage the dog in a suitable way to
avoid unwanted litters? What do I need to facilitate to ensure the pup has the
highest chance of success? What is the long-term plan with the dog, how many other
LGD do I need? When should I add a second one? Can I manage things such as in-pack
fighting, roaming and other possible behavioural problems? Do I need to consider
neighbors and the impact of having a large breed dog barking a lot will have on
them?<br />
There are multiple things to consider before acquiring the pup and being systematic
in your approach in researching and speaking to people will ensure a thorough decision-making
process. Not all situations warrant an LGD, and recognising this might be the
most important decision you make!</span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJlbN4Divl__ObFfdveWjqKSegCr6aM-A5VJ3OqOZNH93c5h9j1Va7ROH61yXvCKSazLg80S5Z-Zyh8WOzk9IogAs-s5tMcO6oniHnn6e1nGiJF1fKDI6i0Bwfi-Y8oSkZKxewYQLSZ_ap75YLRncf68HryJdR3QI4JvaXm_L2ODW7RpPQfv2M3PuljQ/s4272/201203122%20puppies%20082.jpg" style="font-size: medium; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2848" data-original-width="4272" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJlbN4Divl__ObFfdveWjqKSegCr6aM-A5VJ3OqOZNH93c5h9j1Va7ROH61yXvCKSazLg80S5Z-Zyh8WOzk9IogAs-s5tMcO6oniHnn6e1nGiJF1fKDI6i0Bwfi-Y8oSkZKxewYQLSZ_ap75YLRncf68HryJdR3QI4JvaXm_L2ODW7RpPQfv2M3PuljQ/w400-h266/201203122%20puppies%20082.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p>Louise Liebenberghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05474938590034065595noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7481785061696705243.post-81801470896239441952023-01-24T05:09:00.000-08:002023-01-24T05:09:19.723-08:00Unsung Hero<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBLA_t6QcpTmg51T9O-_4w-4GVDUdB5_jK49pQHuaF64IimAtC-q7cyLq-cB7GO4Gu5m88_ml4EQ-YufrApedBYHO8GScEuapjB6jj5IkZ41OUT1f3-RXPyQ7BcX6z835wNYNkPtv0lx54Nk5XWMFdKqudKdLcCEPDHmxnWXAYOIW9FHO0Avng1LFmAg/s4272/Blog_20120115%20sarplaninac%20067.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2848" data-original-width="4272" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBLA_t6QcpTmg51T9O-_4w-4GVDUdB5_jK49pQHuaF64IimAtC-q7cyLq-cB7GO4Gu5m88_ml4EQ-YufrApedBYHO8GScEuapjB6jj5IkZ41OUT1f3-RXPyQ7BcX6z835wNYNkPtv0lx54Nk5XWMFdKqudKdLcCEPDHmxnWXAYOIW9FHO0Avng1LFmAg/w400-h266/Blog_20120115%20sarplaninac%20067.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b>Unsung hero</b><br />
Louise Liebenberg<br />Written for The Shepherds Magazine<br />
<br />
This past week all my social media feeds were about a young livestock guardian
dog (LGD) that battled some coyotes to save his sheep. The story was shared far
and wide and it made me realise that for many of us full time shepherds this is
“normal” for our dogs, we keep these dogs with our flocks to do this exact job.
Many of our dogs, although very much appreciated and loved, never will get the
media attention that this dog did. We all have “unsung hero’s” in our back pastures,
in this article I am going to share the story of one of mine.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">I lost one of my most favorite livestock guardian dogs (LGD)
last week to old age, normally I am not one to really express publicly, the
sadness I feel when one of the team passes on. This time it is a little
different and I would like to share some of the lessons I have learnt from this
dog. His name was Vuk, which is the Serbian word for wolf. Vuk, has challenged
many of my previously held ideas on what LGD should be and do. He forced me to
reassess my thoughts on how LGD work, and to not limit their working ability
because of how I expected them to be.<br />
Vuk came to me as a 12-week-old puppy from his breeder in Pennsylvania. The
first year with him was a struggle. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He
was high energy and was rather difficult to form a relationship with as he was
fiercely independent and although being friendly enough, simply had no time for
anyone. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As a pup he was always on the go,
I used to joke that he should have been a sled dog rather than an LGD. He could
not relax and seemed “hyper” all the time. With the sheep, his energy and
activity level was certainly not something the sheep were used to. The found
him disruptive and I was irritated by him. I always felt the energy level of
the LGD should match that of the sheep. I liked the slow and steady types. This
young dog was so energetic, that I sincerely questioned if he would make the
grade as an LGD. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Whenever he moved, the
sheep became startled. When he was about a year old, I mentioned to his
breeder, that I may consider rehoming him, he was just not "my kind"
of dog. <br />
<br />
He was everything I thought was wrong with a LGD, he was high energy and did not
really want to be a “close” type of guardian dog. I questioned if he was bonded
with the sheep as he never really “snuggled” with the sheep. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was never far away, but never chose to be close
to the sheep, or huddle up against the sheep during the frigid winters here in
Canada. However, as he was never inappropriate toward the livestock, and he
never set a foot wrong towards the sheep. He never showed any predatory
behaviour towards them; never played with them, was not rough, he never pulled
wool, nipped, or chased them, and it was this, that made me decide to keep
working with him. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I learnt not to try and shape Vuk into being
the dog I wanted, instead to learn to work with him and his unique character.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Once I had that mind shift, things changed. When he was old
enough to go and work on the larger bush pastures where the predator pressure
was high, he settled into his job. He would patrol hundreds of acres of bush
and pasture, and his energy level became an asset. He was tireless in checking
out regular predator trails and chasing off predators. He would come and check
in with the sheep and be off actively patrolling again. By the time he was
three years old he was had fully settled into his job, he was calm and controlled
around the sheep as he had enough work to keep his mind and body busy. He was
always checking in with the flock, laying in an area he could watch over them,
and was highly protective of them. I have seen him battle coyotes, tree bears
and be on the watch for cougars. I have even seen Vuk fearlessly chase away a
large bison bull from our cows. Wolves are part of our environment, and I am
sure his presence and determination helped keep wolves away from the livestock.
We could see tracks in the snow where confrontations have taken place and we
would find dead coyotes in the pastures, He was powerful, fast, and smart and
never backed down from a confrontation. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Vuk understood his job and that was evident in all his
interactions with the livestock. He was the guardian of the livestock and left
the mothering of lambs to the ewes themselves. He was adamant about chasing
ravens and eagles out of the pastures and would guard a dead sheep’s body from
scavengers until I removed it. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was
more a warrior than the nursemaid type. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Although
he was never the type of dog that would allow lambs to jump up on him, or lay
down close to him, he was super reliable with lambs. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He valued his personal space and when a lamb
or calf would come and lay near him, he would get up and move to another spot.
In many ways he was like this with us too. He would come for some petting but
would after a few minutes, trot off back to the livestock. He would watch over
lambs and calves with vigilance and dedication. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3tVhetMYdVp9FaWYsNgbnTjD2ygXjVwkn2hxHKe873CGSwNEQIXrAfsx6G7lOK-8XaXKeOWmWkPkt9OY4Cm0Hipmn2MbTHPYPPg30xtSupz83RF33mP9qMKISR-Pl4TRM72YqOzYsQfcI4HVSH21vgPxKmMFXJe7tvUCmKL8ekud6DuqsO_nS2GCDIg/s4272/20140921%20SUNSET%20SHEEP%20AND%20DOGS%20167edit.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2848" data-original-width="4272" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3tVhetMYdVp9FaWYsNgbnTjD2ygXjVwkn2hxHKe873CGSwNEQIXrAfsx6G7lOK-8XaXKeOWmWkPkt9OY4Cm0Hipmn2MbTHPYPPg30xtSupz83RF33mP9qMKISR-Pl4TRM72YqOzYsQfcI4HVSH21vgPxKmMFXJe7tvUCmKL8ekud6DuqsO_nS2GCDIg/w400-h266/20140921%20SUNSET%20SHEEP%20AND%20DOGS%20167edit.jpg" width="400" /></a></p><p class="MsoNormal">He could often be found watching over a bunch of calves,
while the cows went to eat or drink. He read the body language of any animal
perfectly. If he got to close to a cow with a newborn calf and she gave him “the
look”, he would quietly move further away and gave her space, enough so, that
the cow did not feel the need to run him off. He was very in tune with the
reactions of the livestock, he would back away from an ewe that might feel
nervous around him yet would stand his ground around the big bulls. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was probably the dog with the best ability
to “read” the livestock I have ever worked with. The sheep and cows soon grew a
bond with this dog and trusted him.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">He was a true leader when it came to the other dogs, he was
respectful of the older females and would work well within the team. Most of
the other dogs really liked to work with him. He was an excellent mentor to
other young dogs. He was fair when it came to young males, he did not go
looking for a fight, but if the fight came to him, he would deal with it. He
was adaptable and could be moved around with other dogs and situations where he
was needed, from the calving corrals one day to large, forested sheep grazing
pastures the next. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">He taught me that patrolling or perimeter type dogs are as valuable
at their job of protecting the sheep as close guardians. He proved to me that
high energy is not a bad trait to have. Having a strong lupine build, that
could move,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>was more advantageous than
big slow cumbersome dogs when dealing with predators. Despite not being a dog
that liked to be physically close to the sheep, it did not mean he was not
bonded to them. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Having the space to
work, the challenges of his job and ability to utilise his energy made him into
a fine working dog. His ability to read the livestock become so finely tuned,
that it really took my breath away to watch him work around an ornery cow, or a
young ewe.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">As he grew older, I made some attempts at retiring him,
fearing he might be killed by predators. He wanted nothing to do with that and
would take every opportunity to escape back to the livestock. During the harsh
winter months, I would put him in the heated shop and then back in the pastures
when the weather was milder, this is where he was happiest. This winter his
health declined, and a few weeks back he passed away.<br />
<br />
I am thankful that I have had the opportunity to work with such a fine dog, and
that I had the right environment for him to be the best he could. I grew to
admire and respect this dog deeply, and as he aged, he was more accepting of me
cuddling him and I think he actually started to enjoy it! <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He changed my perceptions of what a good
working dog could be. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Over the years we
bonded to each other, and I adored this dog, and he will forever be one of the
great ones in my life, perhaps the greatest.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Vuk, no sheep or calves were ever lost under your watch! Thank
you.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPcJdvYY7_eVfK-NmAK7tErMcYS24W_c1YvBtjqahBX3oKf23Nk8Xn0KlzFpWS_fovO8A2U9BLd-QSPYcx184mllfmzYkpeEPUbWlhQWXW5aCGc9oRS4r7lerwBcNE-V5Pstpsd3Z-s-oz95xCo1Lo0RQK6ovwhl7hglCT50c4Gf0-5ry_Gj5L0D1vGA/s5184/IMG_3891.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3456" data-original-width="5184" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPcJdvYY7_eVfK-NmAK7tErMcYS24W_c1YvBtjqahBX3oKf23Nk8Xn0KlzFpWS_fovO8A2U9BLd-QSPYcx184mllfmzYkpeEPUbWlhQWXW5aCGc9oRS4r7lerwBcNE-V5Pstpsd3Z-s-oz95xCo1Lo0RQK6ovwhl7hglCT50c4Gf0-5ry_Gj5L0D1vGA/w400-h266/IMG_3891.JPG" width="400" /></a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<br />Louise Liebenberghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05474938590034065595noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7481785061696705243.post-69552345460526052842022-12-15T13:22:00.001-08:002022-12-15T13:22:14.378-08:00Other Guard animals: Llamas<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRbKxbYW5J3Zy27uzoDkjrc2d-6qjj6R1KnFvLMKR33oe2-jztqZpHfP_Ju7DQ4TvOl7V3jJk0I6KrMXzFRKP19kJGIfFZIwetpg9VcwZmQ2q1Y0JhkcCe_BV9w03Z5XJzqOy_rpJpuwQSPWyjtaiyiq9ebtdQB2dagvDeBtIAI5emAE6dZz1Mqo17aw/s1600/PICT0119.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRbKxbYW5J3Zy27uzoDkjrc2d-6qjj6R1KnFvLMKR33oe2-jztqZpHfP_Ju7DQ4TvOl7V3jJk0I6KrMXzFRKP19kJGIfFZIwetpg9VcwZmQ2q1Y0JhkcCe_BV9w03Z5XJzqOy_rpJpuwQSPWyjtaiyiq9ebtdQB2dagvDeBtIAI5emAE6dZz1Mqo17aw/w400-h300/PICT0119.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">This llama is displaying its unhappiness with our presences close to the fence of the sheep paddock. It is highly territorial and likes to stay between the perceived danger and the sheep.<br /><br /><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><o:p> </o:p></p></td></tr></tbody></table><b>Other Guard animals: Llamas|<br /></b>Louise Liebenberg 2022, written for The Shepherds Magazine<p class="MsoNormal">
<br />
This is the second part of a small mini-series on other animals that can be
used to protect sheep from predators. The two most common “go to” guard animals,
other than livestock guardian dogs (LGD) are donkeys and llamas.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This article will take a closer look at llamas.
There have been very few studies done on the use and effectiveness of guard
llamas, most of the articles and stories are anecdotal rather than hardcore
scientific research. In the 1990’s, Iowa State University did a telephone
survey to try and look a little closer at the effectiveness of using guard
llamas to protect sheep from predation.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">For those who do not know llamas are camelids that originate
in South America and were domesticated for meat, fibre and utilised as pack
animals. Llamas should not be confused with their smaller counterpart the
alpaca. Alpacas should not really be used as guard animals due to their small
size, in areas with apex predators. Alpaca’s might be a good option for smaller
animals such as racoons, or foxes and for guarding smaller livestock but will
not be able to contend with grizzly bears or wolves.<br />
Llama’s can weigh in the region of 250 lbs making them a fairly large sized
animal, while alpacas are in the 120-140 lbs range.<br />
<br />
Due to their height, they certainly have an advantage that they can see further
than sheep can. They behave like sentry animals, and due to their alertness are
quick to warn for any dangers, they can make a variation of vocalizations, which
the sheep soon learn to respond to. Llamas can run, stomp, strike, kick, and
spit at predators. Often it is also the larger size that can dissuade
predators. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Llamas can be quite
territorial about their pasture even occasionally being aggressive towards
people who approach the pasture.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Llamas are generally quite effective against smaller
predators such as coyotes, foxes, skunks, and racoons. They do however prefer
open, flatter spaces than wooded hilly areas, it has been reported that llamas
will not really enter forested or bushy areas. Llamas seem to perform best on
pastures smaller than 250-300 acres and up to about 300 ewes.<br />
<br />
Llamas who are well bonded to the sheep are the most effective at their job. Similarly
with livestock guardian dogs and donkeys, it is imperative that the sheep and
the guard animal form a bond. Without this bond, no other species will feel the
need to protect the sheep from predators. It is also generally advised that
just a single llama should be placed with the ewes, so that it remains bonded
to the sheep rather than forming an attachment to another llama and forgetting
about the sheep. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There is a bit of an
adjustment time for the sheep and llamas to get to know each other but when
raised from a young age with sheep, this period can be a matter of a few weeks
before both species are comfortable with each other. As intact male llamas can
become quite aggressive towards the sheep and might try to breed/mount the
ewes, it is always advisable to geld the male llamas. Female llama are also used
successfully. In the 1990 study, most producers preferred using gelded males.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Keeping llamas requires similar management to sheep. They
graze alongside the sheep and when the flock needs deworming, hoof trimming and
shearing, so does the llama. It is advisable to halter break the llama so that
it can be easily removed from the flock when routine work gets done, or for
ease at shearing time. <br />
<br />
Here are some <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>interesting<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>results from the Iowa State university study
regarding the use and effectiveness if guard llamas:<br />
Most guard llama’s were gelded males.<br />
80% of llamas were rated as “effective or effective at reducing losses to
predators”.<br />
88%<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>of owners were<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>either “satisfied or very satisfied” with
their llama program.<br />
Over half the producers felt that llamas provided some savings by reducing
predation.<br />
75% of the llamas were reported not to negatively affect the sheep they were
protecting.<br />
Predation fell<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>from 21% to 7% after a
guard llama was introduced to the flock.<br />
Sheep losses before llamas were noted to be around 11% and after the llama was
introduced losses declined to about 1%. One does need to bear in mind that all
producers continued to use alternate methods to reduce predation in conjunction
with the llama (fencing, shooting, trapping, poison etc.)<br />
predation increased when multiple llamas were introduced to the flock.<br />
<br />
Llamas have been observed in South America aggressively chasing away foxes but
did run away when mountain lions appeared.<br />
llamas are found to be less effective when it comes to packs of coyotes or
dogs. One llama is not able to contend with multiple predators at the same
time. One should remember that llamas are also prey animals to large predators,
and this could put the llama in serious jeopardy.<br />
<br />
As with all guard animals there are always pros and cons, here are a few
considerations:<br />
<br />
Due to the innate aggression towards smaller canine, it may be difficult to use
herding and guard dogs with a llama in the pasture.<br />
Although easy keepers, they do require some specific management, it can be hard
to find someone who will come and shear a llama, they require more copper than
sheep do and often do not utilise hard salt or mineral blocks and require these
in a “loose” form.<br />
Llamas vocalise fairly softly when there is danger, usually if a guardian dog
barks the shepherd or rancher can hear by the barking that predators may be
close by.<br />
A barking dog can also provide some protection to the farm, something that a
llama does not do.<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">I think on small homesteads, or farms with neighbours close by,
a guard llama might be a better option than a guard dogs, particularly on
homesteads where the predators are smaller and the number of animals requiring
protection are less. Llamas will not keep the neighbours awake from barking,
they integrate rapidly in a small sheep or goat herd, they can provide more
fiber options on fiber-based homesteads, they can become well socialised and
tame and can be trained as pack animals and in some areas even hiking
companions. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Llamas do not dig out or
actively try to escape fences like guard dogs sometimes do. Llamas can live for
20-25 years providing many years of protection to the sheep flock. In some
cattle operations guard llamas are used to help protect newborn calves from coyotes.<br />
<br />
Recognizing that llamas are also prey animals and understanding their
limitations, I do think llamas are a good option for many smaller pasture-based
operations. The provide another layer of protection to the flock. Llamas can
become very devoted to their flock and the sheep really seek out the
companionship of the taller and bigger animal.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLhM_ARm3bUwh7oJm06PrML5wBe__ja3I6G7jo_q5tWkt7VIl6gQJWTWz6xTBHPCI0aREN9pUEbryhTA7zlVIbSP_5HJvQr6w0JLRutp7ZIX3bNBySM-l8jcrDx51w10q28sAAvgWyNgdC3nIoa8Qw3zqhlKeRP6bQrI8Rokws21C8sn8y0LEEp1ShlA/s4272/IMG_6141.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2848" data-original-width="4272" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLhM_ARm3bUwh7oJm06PrML5wBe__ja3I6G7jo_q5tWkt7VIl6gQJWTWz6xTBHPCI0aREN9pUEbryhTA7zlVIbSP_5HJvQr6w0JLRutp7ZIX3bNBySM-l8jcrDx51w10q28sAAvgWyNgdC3nIoa8Qw3zqhlKeRP6bQrI8Rokws21C8sn8y0LEEp1ShlA/w400-h266/IMG_6141.JPG" width="400" /></a><br />
<br /> This alpaca was added to a group of young ram lambs to provide an
additional layer of protection for the flock. This operation also uses guard
donkeys with their ewes.<br />
<br />
<br /><br /></p>Louise Liebenberghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05474938590034065595noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7481785061696705243.post-56273345056223411612022-11-15T19:03:00.003-08:002022-11-15T19:03:41.738-08:00Other Guard Animals: Donkeys<p class="MsoNormal"><b><br /></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1UBZjqe3MA8Xbz5SztN7KYO8ycPV6ngTGBQRIoaPPxJ-aq1XIocrupPJA0NizYAcDKUqVodmsP9q300ds-o3xhZPNKu_FZWEj4rGBGUq7-2_nthOBJIEmof0YaI7psbjY-Ql2TTGb-X1iDdsPM1ou72pIw7uKlN1QR8OevN77LQY5ZQI4ufd2zQ5alQ/s4272/IMG_6123.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2848" data-original-width="4272" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1UBZjqe3MA8Xbz5SztN7KYO8ycPV6ngTGBQRIoaPPxJ-aq1XIocrupPJA0NizYAcDKUqVodmsP9q300ds-o3xhZPNKu_FZWEj4rGBGUq7-2_nthOBJIEmof0YaI7psbjY-Ql2TTGb-X1iDdsPM1ou72pIw7uKlN1QR8OevN77LQY5ZQI4ufd2zQ5alQ/w400-h266/IMG_6123.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">A pair of standard donkeys hanging out with a flock of ewes in Northern Alberta.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><br /><br /><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b>Other Guard Animals: Donkeys</b><br />
Louise Liebenberg (2022)<br />Written for The Shepherds Magazine<br />
<br />
This month’s article is going to deviate from my regular column on livestock
guardian dogs (LGD) and I am going to look at other guard animals to protect
livestock. Typically, donkeys and llamas are the other “go to” animals used to
guard livestock. Very little research
has been done regarding the effectiveness of these other guard animals and any
that I can find, was done almost 30 years ago. A lot of the information available is
anecdotal and quite subjective, where owners “feel or think” that the guard
animals are being either effective or not.<br />
In this article I am going to focus on using donkeys as guard animals.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuh6h1w0d_4S_mIMk8Ul6syMg9i9vH0LbZacZ9XjSECGTPopdRimuiBL-HmQzeeSo3qA9DQMc6IzG6EKvJX9hA722j0-1H3uRVU7kdgL7q4K-mJsExq3Uz1oTMCc-TBSMPaLWg_c2gCyYY7lC2A8i4wo-gbhc0ndGGRowi_WCxornn1aAsdSnOncu6DQ/s4272/IMG_6125.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2848" data-original-width="4272" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuh6h1w0d_4S_mIMk8Ul6syMg9i9vH0LbZacZ9XjSECGTPopdRimuiBL-HmQzeeSo3qA9DQMc6IzG6EKvJX9hA722j0-1H3uRVU7kdgL7q4K-mJsExq3Uz1oTMCc-TBSMPaLWg_c2gCyYY7lC2A8i4wo-gbhc0ndGGRowi_WCxornn1aAsdSnOncu6DQ/w400-h266/IMG_6125.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">Donkeys that stay close to the flock can add a layer of protection to the flock against predators.<br /><br /></span></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal"><br />
<br />
There is a tradition of shepherds using donkeys, going back to Biblical times. Many
shepherds used donkeys to help transport products, shelters and fencing into
grazing areas. Donkeys carried supplies
into the high mountain summer pastures and grazed alongside the sheep. In more
nomadic tribes, donkeys, along with camels, were commonly found in their
caravans. As donkeys lived near to the sheep flocks and their shepherds, it can
be assumed that the donkeys might have started to display protective behaviours
around the flocks. I have met shepherds in Europe who still use donkeys to help
transport electric fencing, milking items and food supplies for the grazing
period and they feel having a donkey in the flock is a positive addition as the
sheep will follow the donkey on a flock move.<br />
</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4EpsWWiENp1pzDCpQgsfTwD2c0E1yZ0uXRIykoSedygjLFr7SPCc7tvp3pERoO5PH__1D99YZRQLRPQcahqUU58ty1jiIuPS3NXcR7ZcUAZAMrJ5P2Zf3413mOONjvV1mbw8KTo0D3cnblyftBqwNNC_m3hO8q7PeRB6dsNtiBx_rgH8N7EYesp39DA/s4272/IMG_7971.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2848" data-original-width="4272" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4EpsWWiENp1pzDCpQgsfTwD2c0E1yZ0uXRIykoSedygjLFr7SPCc7tvp3pERoO5PH__1D99YZRQLRPQcahqUU58ty1jiIuPS3NXcR7ZcUAZAMrJ5P2Zf3413mOONjvV1mbw8KTo0D3cnblyftBqwNNC_m3hO8q7PeRB6dsNtiBx_rgH8N7EYesp39DA/w400-h266/IMG_7971.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">Donkeys are often found around sheep camps as they can be used to transport goods and supplies to high mountain pastures.<br /><br /></span></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal">
The effectiveness of using donkeys is a strongly debated topic. As
with LGD, some are great, and others simply do not work out. A study done in
Ontario, Canada in 1995, reported that “about 70% of the donkeys being used
were rated as either excellent or good in terms of providing flock protection.
However, the donkeys’ effectiveness ranged from total elimination of predation,
to having absolutely no impact on predation, while simultaneously causing other
problems within the flock. In many instances, poor management practices and
unrealistic expectations (too many sheep, scattered sheep, or pastures) are as
much or more to blame for many failures as any shortcoming of the donkey(s).” (1995
Ontario Predator Study, Study 6: Donkeys as Mobile Flock Protectors, by Fytche
Enterprises)<br />
<br />
Although success is a difficult metric to define, I will define success as; the
donkey has been reliable around the sheep and does not harm the sheep, the
sheep are comfortable around the donkey and no/little predation has taken
place. Donkeys seem to be the most successful on smaller groups of sheep and on
open terrain, some research suggests a hundred ewes or less is the optimum
number of ewes for a donkey to watch over. This is logical because large bands of sheep
spread out and it is hard for the donkey to be able to watch over this
expansive area. As donkeys are taller than sheep, they do act more like a
sentry and can spot predators further away. Ranchers have found donkeys to be
less effective in bushy and hilly areas, where sight lines are obscured, and
predators can do sneak attacks from a wooded area. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Some research suggests that donkeys are more successful if they
are kept alone with the sheep. As soon as they have other donkey companions, they
tend to buddy up with them and the sheep become less important. The donkeys will
form their own little “herd” and the donkey may no longer feel protective over
the sheep when danger approaches. This
could happen also when horses or even cattle are included in the mix. The
donkey might feel more herd affinity towards these species, than to the sheep.<br />
<br />
The most functional guarding donkeys are those that are bonded to the sheep,
similarly to livestock guardian dogs. The donkeys that are raised with sheep
from a young age and are bonded to the flock will tend to be more protective,
in this way very similar to how LGD are bonded to the sheep as puppies. The sheep intuitively will tend to congregate
around the largest animal in their pasture, in this case it would be the
donkey. Donkeys are regarded as more effective against predators than cattle or
horses as they seem to have a more inherent hatred toward canines. Unlike LGD,
donkeys tend not to be purposefully protective of the sheep, instead they react
aggressively towards a predator in their territory, or a jenny might be
protective of her own young that is within the sheep pasture. <br />
<br />
As with all guardian animals, they all have their “pros and cons”. One advantage
to utilizing donkeys are that they do not require specialized feed, they eat
what the sheep eat. They can be contained in similar fencing as the sheep and
are not prone to roaming like some LGD.<br />
Overall, donkeys are also cheaper to purchase, often live longer and are less
expensive to maintain in comparison to LGD. <br />
<br />
Problems that people have with donkeys are comparable to some of the issues
people have with LGD. Some donkeys are not bonded to the sheep and do not feel
protective toward them. It is also well documented that they can be very aggressive
towards the sheep and lambs, stomping on them, picking them up and shaking
them. Intact males can be aggressive toward the sheep and people, if not
gelded. Occasionally the guard donkeys
will chase the rams away from the ewes in breeding season, which would require
them to be separated during this time. Perhaps, the biggest downfall could be that
they can be aggressive towards your own farm dogs, making it hard to use
herding or guardian dogs around them.<br />
<br />
As donkeys are prey animals, it is not fair to choose a mini donkey be used as
a guard animal, they need to be at least standard or large size. While I was in
Portugal, many of the shepherds were quite horrified to hear that sheep keepers
in North America purposefully use donkeys to guard the livestock. Stories were
told to me how donkeys were the favoured animal for wolves to eat, how sheep
were passed by, and the donkey was killed. They all asked how a prey animal could
be effective in guarding against large predators?<br />
<br />
I personally believe that there is no one solution to reducing predation. Predation
management involves layering of different forms of deterrents. If you are not able to utilize LGD, then
adding a large donkey might be a good alternative. Having the donkey, might not
prevent predation but it might still work as a deterrent, particularly if you
are in open areas, with a smaller flock and where coyotes or stray dogs are the
main predators. Having at least one form of predation mitigation strategy in
place is always better than none.<br />
Combining the donkey with deterrents such as foxlights or electric fencing, all
add additional layers of protection around the sheep. In certain circumstances,
a standard or large size donkey may be the only way to provide some form protection
to the flock, however one does need to remember that using prey animals to
guard against predators may not be the most effective strategy and in some
areas, where large predators are in abundance, the donkey might become food to these
predators.<br />
</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPcHeFCcUtAsewEiU40Hlp7VuOEckuUzfkYN9hnbBJizdBXGQq1OPVwmyh8mJhWbLjev4izSz1KBElOwSTpKC8LQraXPrMiujMDG5JX6neRxDN-gw7_V19BoHhsF7MI1Z7kWzyWcbZAEtWY-xsextM5_wVqVAfErzKNNFHbjDprRnejL3b5HfhLaorKA/s4272/IMG_6120.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2848" data-original-width="4272" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPcHeFCcUtAsewEiU40Hlp7VuOEckuUzfkYN9hnbBJizdBXGQq1OPVwmyh8mJhWbLjev4izSz1KBElOwSTpKC8LQraXPrMiujMDG5JX6neRxDN-gw7_V19BoHhsF7MI1Z7kWzyWcbZAEtWY-xsextM5_wVqVAfErzKNNFHbjDprRnejL3b5HfhLaorKA/w400-h266/IMG_6120.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">Some people suggest that having just one donkey with the flock might be more effective, however donkeys that have been raised with, and bonded to the flock, might be more important than</span><span style="text-align: left;"> </span><span style="text-align: left;">the number of donkeys. A jenny and her baby would certainly capitalise on her protective instincts to keep her own baby safe from predators.<br /><br /></span></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal">
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<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></p>Louise Liebenberghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05474938590034065595noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7481785061696705243.post-12183558548832650032022-11-04T10:21:00.000-07:002022-11-04T10:21:06.906-07:00Bonding and Trustworthiness<p> </p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuL_6_PclhwSBi_siatfvabz4zpFSstPpxJsfsC4_dPf31np_KAP7v9CF6eiGoGm2ncROHKx4OKQ4G4_aLMVkrubdY0cJBCuHgyQLyJNS50kRlDEkGPX8LXq6OwQg-2F8zPfDiw709MAgr5E3sD8QrPEr1Z-bugQ32p4Njv1fsMiNM_OgyIFBNh6cg3Q/s4272/20140921%20SUNSET%20SHEEP%20AND%20DOGS%20159.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2848" data-original-width="4272" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuL_6_PclhwSBi_siatfvabz4zpFSstPpxJsfsC4_dPf31np_KAP7v9CF6eiGoGm2ncROHKx4OKQ4G4_aLMVkrubdY0cJBCuHgyQLyJNS50kRlDEkGPX8LXq6OwQg-2F8zPfDiw709MAgr5E3sD8QrPEr1Z-bugQ32p4Njv1fsMiNM_OgyIFBNh6cg3Q/w400-h266/20140921%20SUNSET%20SHEEP%20AND%20DOGS%20159.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><b>Bonding and
Trustworthiness</b><br />
Louise Liebenberg(2022)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Written for The Shepherds Magazine</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">I have written
many columns for this magazine on Livestock Guardian Dogs (LGD) and the regular
readers may be accustomed to me writing about the importance of understanding
the nuances in behaviour and the use of language to describe this behaviour. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Terms are tossed around without fully grasping
the differences or similarities. We cannot fully appreciate the level of
working ability our LGD display, or even manage some behavioural issues that pop
up, without fully understanding the differences in the behaviour. A lot of
behaviours look similar and yet, they are not. It is in this gray area where
confusion and misunderstanding can grow. I like to explain these subtle
variations in the hopes to provide some more clarity on the behaviour these dogs display.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">This article
is going to dive a little deeper into two concepts and how they differ: bonding
and trustworthiness.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The most successful
livestock guardian dogs are those who are bonded, trustworthy, attentive, and
protective towards the livestock. This is the gold standard in working LGD.
Some LGD can be effective, to a slightly lesser degree, if they are perhaps not
quite as protective or attentive toward the livestock. Less effective dogs
can have a deterring effect on predators, but may no be as effective as some other dogs are. The problem arises when a LGD is not
trustworthy, this is a total failure, as no shepherd can tolerate a dog that is
harming the stock. Trustworthiness can be described as an absence of predatory
behaviour towards the livestock.<br />
<br />
Trustworthiness and bonding look very similar in normal LGD/ sheep interactions,
a dog who is trustworthy can live with the livestock and will do them no harm. A dog
can be trustworthy and yet, not be bonded to the sheep. <br />
Many people struggle to differentiate between the two. This can be seen in the
numerous comments on social media pages, where people talk about what a
fantastic LGD their Pitbull is, or their Labrador. What these people are seeing
is a dog that is trustworthy with their livestock, mostly through training and
socialization. Rarely, do these dogs live full time with the livestock as our
LGD do, so it is not really a true reflection on trustworthiness under all
circumstances. Very many breeds, not only the LGD breeds, can become
trustworthy around the livestock, the general farm dog is usually a trustworthy
dog, but that alone, does not make him an LGD. <span style="color: red;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Bonding on
the other hand is the attachment the dog makes with the livestock, and this
attachment is fostered through intense socialization with livestock from a
young age. This attachment becomes the primary attachment for the pup. He
learns that sheep are his companions and later, his charges. Bonding differs
with trustworthiness in the (free) choices the dog makes. A dog who is bonded
with the livestock will chose to be with the livestock, it will move with the
sheep when they graze, they will want to be with the livestock rather than hang
out elsewhere. I have a female LGD who is so bonded with her sheep, if she gets
locked out the pasture (usually accidently) she will dig under the fence to get
back in with them. When the sheep move around the pasture, she moves with them.
She protects the sheep wherever the sheep are. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The bonded dog is attached to the sheep and
not to the “space” (pasture, field, corral). A bonded dog can certainly be territorial,
but when that territory changes, as it does with flocks grazing in open spaces,
then it becomes important for the dog to want to stay close to the livestock. The
LGD choses the livestock over being with people, other dogs, or the yard.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br />Bonding is not just the dog bonded to the sheep; the relationship is
bi-directional. The sheep also need to bond to the dog. We must appreciate the
level of trust the sheep need to have in the dog (predator) we place with them.
To achieve this level of trust both species need to bond with each other. I can
usually see on a sheep flock whether the sheep trust the dog or not. If the
sheep give indications that the dog is not trustworthy it is important for the
shepherd to pay attention to the dog. The sheep “know” if the dog is showing
predatory behaviour.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">What many of
the folks who advocate to “raise them in the house” are doing, is simply training
their LGD to be trustworthy around the livestock, but not allowing the dog to
form a bond with the sheep. There are very many LGD who are trustworthy, but
not bonded to the sheep. These dogs can still make excellent guardian dogs,
even though they might not feel super attached to the sheep, the territorial instinct
kicks in and the dog will protect the sheep within their area. Good fences
usually facilitate this, as the dog can be contained in the area the
livestock grazes.<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">People who
have never owned a bonded dog, do not actually know, or see what the difference
is between the two. They often mistake bonded with trustworthy, particularly
when the dog is confined to a specific area. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We do not know, what we don’t know, and unless
you have worked with dogs so loyal, devoted, and protective of their sheep one
might never truly appreciate the difference.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVViZfV5cCVZOk5QcS3oAXG9jp-JsZ9FlHt5DjYdmdvJi_Aw63Fmm7ctQ-O0w0uxwAYfBLSXQ5-z7mIlHe_mcxsrfw2kQZsclMFC4wqUPvBBm8Xwow_F9r4PKfop8OIDl63LjBbmpzVWy1_n-gDVmOXT6tfDHiWgCnx9bt9eIZ99R2lmkT71BlNhHwkg/s4272/A20140315%20dogs%20050.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2848" data-original-width="4272" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVViZfV5cCVZOk5QcS3oAXG9jp-JsZ9FlHt5DjYdmdvJi_Aw63Fmm7ctQ-O0w0uxwAYfBLSXQ5-z7mIlHe_mcxsrfw2kQZsclMFC4wqUPvBBm8Xwow_F9r4PKfop8OIDl63LjBbmpzVWy1_n-gDVmOXT6tfDHiWgCnx9bt9eIZ99R2lmkT71BlNhHwkg/w400-h266/A20140315%20dogs%20050.jpg" width="400" /></a></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Now, don’t
get me wrong, a trustworthy dog is an amazing dog and that is what we strive
for with the LGD. We need them to be trustworthy, but it is an amazing bonus if
they are also truly bonded to the sheep. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">When it
comes to poultry, the focus is simply for the dog to become trustworthy. LGD
and chickens rarely actually “bond” to each other. When it comes to guarding
styles most LGD working with poultry, guard more out of territorial
protectiveness as opposed to being bonded to the animals. Most times, chickens
are also fairly limited in their range that the move about in, so a trustworthy
dog who is territorial will often work well in chasing small predators away. <br />
<br />
Years ago, ranchers felt that the dog was bonded to the sheep when it only
stayed close to the sheep, many ranchers felt the more perimeter style guarding
meant that the dog was not bonded or even doing its job. I believe there are
some breed differences here, where some breeds are staying naturally closer to
the livestock than others. I also believe that difference depends on the level
of boldness in the dogs, if they have a pack to support them, age, level of
predator pressure and other factors will shape the style of guarding the dogs
do. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Some breeds are more “looking for a
fight” type, while others are content to stay closer to the sheep. A bonded dog
will still patrol but will come back to the sheep and stay with them.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">For many
smaller homesteads who may be dealing with few smaller predators, having a
trustworthy all round farm dog might be sufficient for their needs. On a larger
range operation, shepherds are needing LGD who are bonded to the stock. Trustworthiness
does not always mean bonded, but do not discount the value of a reliable dog!<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">It is
heartwarming to truly see these deep relationships the dogs form with the
sheep. The sheep look to the dog for guidance and direction, and the dog feels
the need to protect them. This is the relationship we want to foster!<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVRHxA1GNjUbZC7eyeF4F3cYtWiXc9v0NAgqE7AT8d2Bf0dHg8TwZxHSBiFX4Vulm0JNS8fikCDFq7CNNmBRQ9wKyIsKQSoDE5ddfKK_E3N4mDIhaKy45Q-wmAVx6i0Wn8YAbOdcR_c79PE-INmLkzDIHuhgDU1JPpjF1n3xgcAV6yTfIhFLFyqI7FDw/s4272/20140910%20sheep%20and%20dogs%20in%20alfalfa%20044.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2848" data-original-width="4272" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVRHxA1GNjUbZC7eyeF4F3cYtWiXc9v0NAgqE7AT8d2Bf0dHg8TwZxHSBiFX4Vulm0JNS8fikCDFq7CNNmBRQ9wKyIsKQSoDE5ddfKK_E3N4mDIhaKy45Q-wmAVx6i0Wn8YAbOdcR_c79PE-INmLkzDIHuhgDU1JPpjF1n3xgcAV6yTfIhFLFyqI7FDw/w400-h266/20140910%20sheep%20and%20dogs%20in%20alfalfa%20044.jpg" width="400" /></a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></p>Louise Liebenberghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05474938590034065595noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7481785061696705243.post-58240803452943746682022-08-12T20:24:00.005-07:002022-08-12T20:24:50.378-07:00Herding behaviour in LGD<p> </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhD7uUo7jSgptKg7Lr_uBXbM9gUlyfm0T-1hyGzZXnPuGhgXIP65sokANa_1q2yY9aFImsouCWulfl86mipgaZlxbizMQ5tkBh2k_5NswZr4CHwOKTD4zT9_h6QlyNcT1jdBFLPnq_jOWIDCAFRpobxbjpZcmFcNXbWSrC2JycaWfAFVjV4t8qRSyn1gA/s4272/20140921%20SUNSET%20SHEEP%20AND%20DOGS%20260.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2848" data-original-width="4272" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhD7uUo7jSgptKg7Lr_uBXbM9gUlyfm0T-1hyGzZXnPuGhgXIP65sokANa_1q2yY9aFImsouCWulfl86mipgaZlxbizMQ5tkBh2k_5NswZr4CHwOKTD4zT9_h6QlyNcT1jdBFLPnq_jOWIDCAFRpobxbjpZcmFcNXbWSrC2JycaWfAFVjV4t8qRSyn1gA/w400-h266/20140921%20SUNSET%20SHEEP%20AND%20DOGS%20260.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">These guardian dogs are moving alongside the flock during a flock move. They are moving with the flock, this is not “herding “behaviour.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><br />Herding behaviour in LGD</b><br /><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 107%;">©</span>Louise Liebenberg(2022)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal">In the last issue I discussed some behaviour that could be misconstrued or
misread, where the owner thinks what the dog is doing looks okay, when in fact
it could be concerning behaviour or trigger behaviour patterns that should not
be encouraged. I have decided to continue with this and will discuss some more
behaviours.</p><p class="MsoNormal">
<br />
The concept of “herding” is a unique one and while herding breeds, herd (border
collie, kelpie, Australian Shepherds), guardian dogs, guard the flock from
predators. Two totally different jobs. People who have never worked with either
group, may not really know the differences between each group. As both groups
fall under the same general category of “sheepdogs”.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>To add to the confusion, most of the original
breed standards for livestock guardian dogs (LGD) were not written by shepherds
or sheepdog specialists. Semantics matter, so describing a guardian dog as a
herder of the flock is incorrect in terms of the function the dog has in
relation to the sheep.<br />
<br />
Herding can be described as the deliberate movement of the flock, either
gathering up single animals to the group, actively moving the flock from one
place to another, or simply keeping the animals bunched together. Herding can
be a combination of these activities. Most herding by a sheepdog is under
direct supervision of the shepherd who uses the dog to help him control the
flock and bring it/hold it where the shepherd needs it.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Herding is an instinctual behaviour that is
based on predatory sequences (search, stalk, rush/chase, grab/bite, kill,
dissect, and eat). The shepherd breeds and selects for parts of this sequence
that include, search, stalk, chase, and sometime bite, as this allows him to
control the flock. With selective breeding that highlights the “useful” parts
of the sequence and good training, the shepherd has a wonderful way to manage
the sheep. Herding dogs have a high prey drive (they love to chase things, nip
things) and are high energy as this is very demanding work. Herding dogs love
to herd, it is the excitement of the search, stalk, chase that is highly
rewarding and is the primary motivation for the dog.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Herding is a self rewarding behaviour and that
is why some border collies can literally be worked to death, and some can be
very obsessive in what they do, sometimes herding vehicles, balls, and other
dogs. Most herding dogs are smaller in stature and very athletic in comparison
to the guardian dog breeds.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIdhvuAQCfdpku15-mCev3IL9_0E6q8gk-_9ulQYo2wgeWjzPyvEmjgvj105kNFRT3BOu76rZ1v3Q9LgjJjlsxXwc0B08_DME9TPRI1tLa5Evnhkw90cImyXUgaFFUUsaYc419n_3WChcSB-5kMZQac4WxIa02hpGPhAUwjjip9CtynQ_VHgC-m2Yucg/s1600/IMG_3876.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIdhvuAQCfdpku15-mCev3IL9_0E6q8gk-_9ulQYo2wgeWjzPyvEmjgvj105kNFRT3BOu76rZ1v3Q9LgjJjlsxXwc0B08_DME9TPRI1tLa5Evnhkw90cImyXUgaFFUUsaYc419n_3WChcSB-5kMZQac4WxIa02hpGPhAUwjjip9CtynQ_VHgC-m2Yucg/w400-h266/IMG_3876.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">This border collie is controlling the movement, speed, and direction of the sheep. The sheep are not moving voluntarily but are under the direction of the collie, who is being commanded by the shepherd. This is herding behaviour.<br /><br /></span></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal">
<br />
Guardian dogs have a completely different role, that is to protect the flock
from predators. That is their only job, and it comes with some conditions; the
LGD must not hurt, harm, or stress the livestock it lives with.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The ideal LGD will be bonded to the sheep and
live permanently with them. They blend in amongst the flock and generally are on
the lookout for predators.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>LGD have been
bred by shepherds to have a very low prey drive, which allows them not to be
stimulated to chase and kill the sheep. Most LGD have a low energy level, so
that it does not disrupt or excite the sheep when it moves about. Most LGD have
perfected the art of mooching around the sheep, sleeping under a tree but
always have one eye open for threats. The LGD’s energy should match that of the
sheep. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>LGD that have too much prey drive
generally do not make good LGD as they tend to not be trustworthy around the
sheep. Shepherds do not train LGD to obey commands like they do with herding
dogs. Most LGD are “trained” with supervision and corrections for unwanted
behaviour. Most LGD are large, they have the physical properties to live
outside with the flock all year. The have been bred to be powerful, strong dogs
to be able to be a formidable opponent to predators. <br />
Interestingly to note, all wild canines have erect ears, most high drive dog
breeds (such as herding dogs) have erect ears. Every single LGD has low hanging
ears, it is thought that it appears less predatory and therefore more calming
for the sheep. Just this simple observation illustrates the difference each
category of sheepdog can have on the sheep.<br />
<br />
These two types of sheepdogs have an entirely different set of instinctual traits
and have been selected for very different jobs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Understanding these differences and nuances, it is easy to see why
“herding” behaviour is problematic in LGD. A LGD herding the sheep may indicate
that he has too much prey drive to be suited for this job. Sometimes, I read
that people are all excited that their LGD herded the sheep. This is a red flag
behaviour, particularly if involves an immature dog. The dog has no business
herding/chasing the sheep. This stresses the sheep and can lead to injured or
even dead sheep.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Chasing/ nipping and
playing with the sheep encourages predatory behaviour and that is the last
thing we want to stimulate in our LGD.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> <br />Many people think that the LGD “herds” the sheep to safety when predators
approach, but the reality is, that the sheep would probably run to their safe
space, and a good LGD would go out and “meet the threat”. At least, that is
what the brave ones do!</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLrwcw813XiMFQKI8CW7krgoQDhy9Fhg0-1gGHYbar8gDk90KIPie_1y63vfXh8bjGHpBOE28UBTjJvNnwTyEzyDTZcdajQwUKqfj24BFgbUi-mRgnqbHbIvyoFmSrC6V8Fv8cJWtyMi0wsurY0gEjU359FuOcwGxNCzrfPcUN8wJ9ngomt3IN0EnYig/s4272/20140910%20sheep%20and%20dogs%20in%20alfalfa%20095.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2848" data-original-width="4272" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLrwcw813XiMFQKI8CW7krgoQDhy9Fhg0-1gGHYbar8gDk90KIPie_1y63vfXh8bjGHpBOE28UBTjJvNnwTyEzyDTZcdajQwUKqfj24BFgbUi-mRgnqbHbIvyoFmSrC6V8Fv8cJWtyMi0wsurY0gEjU359FuOcwGxNCzrfPcUN8wJ9ngomt3IN0EnYig/w400-h266/20140910%20sheep%20and%20dogs%20in%20alfalfa%20095.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">These two LGD are between the threat and the flock. The sheep have not been moved, but the dogs have positioned themselves between the sheep and the predator.<br /><br /></span></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal">The LGD should position itself between the threat and the sheep, he is the
first line of defence. In a flock that is very accustomed to LGDs, the sheep
will follow the LGD, they will hangout close to the dog if they feel threatened
and will gather behind the LGD. This is all sheep-initiated behaviour and
movement. It is not that the dog is actively herding them together and chasing
them in a specific direction. I have seen our flock of sheep refusing to go and
graze in a certain wooded pasture, unless the LGD go into that area first. They
will hang back and wait for the dogs to go up ahead. I have spoken with
shepherds in Italy who say that their Maremma will enter a new grazing area and
chase the predators away before the sheep go in.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2g_Bwiu-Mt1PL6jZI1fqml27mtzXshPQ68jpBBJRuzklnT0DUJ6GUQ_bfPgWhzA2cVstHOVugxTmHkM29gvYzl5Hc-UfCMInQP_NJ6kNUAa4di-bmbMzxZ0BuWeTFQPsqGYSfzwcLGClaR4zge30Gks2Df0-mYtefpCmsFLe2YNRh2meMz3qEHhQE9g/s1600/20141020%20Mali%20on%20bales%20015.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2g_Bwiu-Mt1PL6jZI1fqml27mtzXshPQ68jpBBJRuzklnT0DUJ6GUQ_bfPgWhzA2cVstHOVugxTmHkM29gvYzl5Hc-UfCMInQP_NJ6kNUAa4di-bmbMzxZ0BuWeTFQPsqGYSfzwcLGClaR4zge30Gks2Df0-mYtefpCmsFLe2YNRh2meMz3qEHhQE9g/w400-h266/20141020%20Mali%20on%20bales%20015.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">This LGD is leading the way and the sheep are willingly following the LGD back to the night corral.<br /><br /></span></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal">
<br />
Some breed standards mention that historically, the breed is used both for
herding and guarding, often they will add in a bunch of other job titles such
as hunting, home guards and personal protection dogs in their descriptions.
Sadly, this really does confuse people new to LGD, as this makes them think
that the herding behaviour their dog is showing is normal. If the breed
description includes herding, then this makes it seem like the behaviour is permissible.
It really illustrates how little knowledge these writers have about working
dogs. Semantics matter. Similarly, a coyote might be killed by a LGD while
protecting its flock, but the LGD is not “hunting” like coonhound hunts. Just
because the coyote was killed does not make the LGD a “hunting” dog. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A polish Tatra might protect its owner, but it
is not a personal protection dog like a Doberman is. <br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Encouraging a herding type of behaviour in LGD is indirectly
encouraging predatory behaviour. Some old dogs very familiar with routines
might head to the barn at a certain time and it may move with the sheep, this
should not be confused as herding. Active and directional movement or bunching
of the flock is not what a LGD should be doing. He is allowed to lead the sheep
in, walk among them but his job is guard them and not control their movements.
Guarding dogs have to allow sheep to freely be able to move and graze, it is
the dog’s job to move with the sheep and ensure they are safe wherever the
sheep chose to graze.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal">
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></p>Louise Liebenberghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05474938590034065595noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7481785061696705243.post-20584451883301299252022-07-05T09:26:00.004-07:002022-07-05T09:26:27.918-07:00Misunderstanding behaviour<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEido5WjYnbBuSWrD3r_kbZTUS_SLSqn5vJV2i8LyTOZg9Hpc3YxIS21H6VvubmFmW93HZOyu3fTDFdP3FWYTERc98zv51YN62NyMSrHJ20xa6GH99V7TMueL0qC15ieYK2Gda6vT3JxqgmzHIYm9Xy2qaZYPWYC6lM2pvVMFm3rG2LyuPLydELcefZl4w/s4272/IMG_9642.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2848" data-original-width="4272" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEido5WjYnbBuSWrD3r_kbZTUS_SLSqn5vJV2i8LyTOZg9Hpc3YxIS21H6VvubmFmW93HZOyu3fTDFdP3FWYTERc98zv51YN62NyMSrHJ20xa6GH99V7TMueL0qC15ieYK2Gda6vT3JxqgmzHIYm9Xy2qaZYPWYC6lM2pvVMFm3rG2LyuPLydELcefZl4w/w400-h266/IMG_9642.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">The LGD job is to guard against predators. This LGD is choosing a high vantage point to oversee this group of ewes lambing, she does not interfere with an ewe giving birth.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><p><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b>Misunderstanding Behaviour<br />©Louise Liebenberg (2022)</b><br />Written for The Shepherds Magazine</p><p class="MsoNormal">
<br />
It is heart warming to see humans and animals displaying acts of kindness. Many
of us like to always see “the good” in people and animals. However, many times,
particularly when it comes to animals, we tend to anthropomorphize or attribute
benevolent behaviour to certain actions. This can lead down a slippery slope
where we assume the behaviour our livestock guardian dogs (LGD) is well
intended, when in fact, it is an indication that the behaviour could become
concerning down the road. <br />
<br />
Let me start by saying I am not an animal behaviourist, what I do have is many
years of working with sheep dogs, both herding and guardian breeds. I am always
trying to understand the behaviour the dog is showing within the context of its
work. I always question whether it is normal, is it acceptable, when does it
change, why does it change, what are the triggers and how can it be corrected.
I am a keen observer of all behaviour, when it comes to dogs, livestock, or
other animals.<br />
<br />
This is a scenario that I read about this week; a LGD owner posted on a social
media group that she was not sure what to make of her LGD behaviour. An ewe had
lambed triplets and one of these was decidedly smaller and weaker than the
other two. Her dog had taken this lamb and buried it in a dirt pile, with just
is head sticking out of the dirt. She was wondering if the dog had done this in
an attempt to keep the lamb warm and safe, or if she was maybe reading more
into the behaviour than what she thought.<br />
<br />
When I read this, the red flags and the warning sirens were sounding off in my
head. I started reading the comments from other people and I was quite
surprised. I was genuinely shocked at how this behaviour was misunderstood. The
number of people who praised the dog for this behaviour was astonishing,
comments such as “Good dog, did a fine job of caring for the lamb! He's a
keeper” or, “I don't think your dog meant any harm from what you describe. He
probably didn't know how to get the baby out so decided to cover with soil to
protect it”. <br />
I could not help myself but respond. In my opinion, the behaviour this dog was
showing was inappropriate for the following reasons: <br />
The dog should never remove a lamb from its mother, it is not the dog’s job.<br />
He should not be carrying the lamb in his mouth.<br />
He should not be burying the lamb. <br />
<br />
This is my interpretation of his behaviour, he is burying the lamb as a
resource. In wild animals this is called “caching”.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is the same behaviour when the dog buries
an old bone in the backyard or uses his nose to covers his kibble with dirt or
hay. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He is caching food to return to it
later, this is an instinctive behaviour in many species (squirrels hoard nuts,
birds stash seeds, predators hide carcasses). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is a biological behaviour to aid in
survival. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The lamb was lucky that is
head was above the ground and that owner found it, otherwise the lamb would
have suffocated, starved, or got hypothermia and died.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Another person replied,” I would think if it was a 'snack'
the LGD would have killed it first.” What is forgotten is that most LGD do not
go from nothing to killing a lamb in an instant, it is a process and small
escalations in behaviour. The dog may not have intended to kill the lamb, but
his behaviour is a start of a cycle which could lead down the path of further
problems. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It might begin with, just
keeping the ewe away from the lamb, the next time he is carrying the lamb to
the edge of the field, following this, he may decide to hide it, or bury it,
finally he might kill it. The behaviour will escalate if the dog is not
corrected, and this escalation can happen very fast. Had the owner of this dog
not found that lamb, it may have died and then the dog would probably have
started to eat it.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This then confirms to
the dog that eating the lamb is a big reward, that stealing and stashing lambs
is a positive reinforcement. As a shepherd, we really do not want the dog to
make this kind of connection. The dog may not have had the initial intention to
kill the lamb, but his actions might have resulted inadvertently in the death
of the lamb. Either way, we want the dog to understand that he should not be
interfering with the ewe and her lambs<br />
<br />
Although there are many instances where our LGD do amazing things and do show a
high degree of nurturing behaviour, the danger is when we apply anthropomorphic
thinking to this behaviour. We like to think that the dog is showing a high
degree of caring towards the lamb, we assume he is keeping it safe, warm, and
hidden from predators and by doing this, we condone the behaviour, allowing for
the dog to repeat this behaviour.<br /><br /></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJJOqfWq33UGpEun8FgK9FeiZGMKfcTNih8c_3YrFhqk13uRhaxmV_kvQUHOeS7g5HTpt59x1N2K8QRHCVzwlH7fAB8M1k3W5pwWgRyEd0QHn_7OwBbo2NieCwI7akP26WLfBRaOyDk8OvmFzI2akJn7nhRgmUit2qHFLjhUtuWTFGDKEZ_G5VCTGkVg/s4272/IMG_9590.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2848" data-original-width="4272" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJJOqfWq33UGpEun8FgK9FeiZGMKfcTNih8c_3YrFhqk13uRhaxmV_kvQUHOeS7g5HTpt59x1N2K8QRHCVzwlH7fAB8M1k3W5pwWgRyEd0QHn_7OwBbo2NieCwI7akP26WLfBRaOyDk8OvmFzI2akJn7nhRgmUit2qHFLjhUtuWTFGDKEZ_G5VCTGkVg/w400-h266/IMG_9590.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">This lamb got separated from the ewe and decided to follow the LGD around.<br /><br /></span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjXkuIofSfkrvft1o0C19dPpg4WsixZl-VvcRGjILTYsHs1Ivz0Uy7vkLqjycWwJKUJVLoSWG9oiPT1hDzikkR_zbLT7uIPgXjUxld3JAdJKwkLZBOh5XxqFUt8uq4Hl9GX_87iF1JYW5wW6ssYys-mj0_4wrz8w5_d2lv2_aaBSj8XAnqkrI87bOV7Q/s4272/IMG_9598.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4272" data-original-width="2848" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjXkuIofSfkrvft1o0C19dPpg4WsixZl-VvcRGjILTYsHs1Ivz0Uy7vkLqjycWwJKUJVLoSWG9oiPT1hDzikkR_zbLT7uIPgXjUxld3JAdJKwkLZBOh5XxqFUt8uq4Hl9GX_87iF1JYW5wW6ssYys-mj0_4wrz8w5_d2lv2_aaBSj8XAnqkrI87bOV7Q/w266-h400/IMG_9598.JPG" width="266" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">Once the lamb decided to follow the dog, this experienced female just sat down and waited. As soon as I got the lamb, the dog was happy to go on her way. She did not isolate the lamb, move it, hide it, she just stayed with the lamb.<br /></span><br style="text-align: left;" /></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal">
<br />
It is a stretch to think that the dog would enact such a high degree of
intentionality, that it would take a weak lamb from the ewe, dig a hole, place the
lamb in the damp and cool dirt, cover it up, all with the intention that this would
keep the lamb both warm and safe. It simply does not make biological sense. The
more logical explanation for this behaviour is that he saw the lamb was weaker,
perhaps not keeping up with the ewe and he decided to take the lamb and stash
it. As this was not a very experienced dog, he most likely just followed his
instincts and was a bit triggered to react to this weaker lamb. This “caching”
behaviour is a simple and common behaviour in canines and provides the most
logical answer to his behaviour.<br />
<br />
In this scenario, the dog is indicating that he may not be totally trustworthy
with newborns. It does not mean the dog is a bad dog, but it would certainly be
advisable to supervise and watch this dog more closely. <br />
<br />
I have seen LGD lay with a lost lamb without interfering with it, I have seen a
dog showing concern when an ewe got herself stuck in some bushes and alerted me
to this ewe’s predicament, some dogs are saints allowing kids and lambs to hop
on and off them, all those behaviours are excellent and what we like to see. It
becomes a problem when the dog directly interferes with the ewe and lamb. Some
dogs will growl and snarl at an ewe or other sheep when they come close to a
newborn, others will follow along with the lamb and keep it separated this way,
others will lick the newborn so much that the ewe does not want the lamb and
some dogs will frighten an ewe away to the point she will not longer accept her
lamb. None of these actions are in the best interest for the ewe or the lamb or
the shepherd. These issues are usually seen in younger dogs. If my 8-year-old
rock solid female is found with a lost lamb, I am more inclined to trust that
she is just watching over it after the lamb wondered over to her. If <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>adolescent dog <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>going through his first or second lambing<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>is found with a lam away from the ewe, then I
would be more inclined to watch this dog and his interactions a bit closer.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4KQglS9dFA8lJUXILHuZ2ZXTYxK8t7K4wf6tztTcAfEwq3sK4osIJgzlaLqsic-CXvAzCh9BLlCkYg37cnj5s2iqy2xVPXK74PTa4U17MJGlimGVw9DrCf9VAdUmtrx1HpAfafzQGjJGgb5ueGurFj5xBGS1xFlx1ud-i7fBeS5GtJLNF9kiFBEscwQ/s5184/IMG_2524.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3456" data-original-width="5184" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4KQglS9dFA8lJUXILHuZ2ZXTYxK8t7K4wf6tztTcAfEwq3sK4osIJgzlaLqsic-CXvAzCh9BLlCkYg37cnj5s2iqy2xVPXK74PTa4U17MJGlimGVw9DrCf9VAdUmtrx1HpAfafzQGjJGgb5ueGurFj5xBGS1xFlx1ud-i7fBeS5GtJLNF9kiFBEscwQ/w400-h266/IMG_2524.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The dog's primary job is to guard the sheep, not interfer with normal sheep behaviours.</td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]-->
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Anytime a dog shows very unusual, out of the ordinary or
questionable behaviour, the dog is telling you that he needs to be monitored.
Many people have these preconceived ideas that a LGD “would not harm the
animals it protects” and that type of thinking is dangerous as it gives the dog
opportunity to develop bad habits.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It
certainly should not harm them but very many do. Once that predatory instinct
has been triggered, it becomes nearly impossible to stop the dog from repeating
this behaviour. It is always better to be more alert and cautious than blindly
assume that the dog has good intentions.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>I would always err on the side of caution than allow a dog to develop a
bad habit. Sometimes, we do not have proof that the dog was the culprit, but a
bit of extra supervision never harmed any dog. If the sheep are a little
nervous around the dog, or hesitant to come into the barn or go to the
hayfeeder, perhaps they are cornered in the pasture then it is time to pay
attention to the dog. He is the predator that lives full time with them and any
behaviour that remotely looks like it could become predatory needs to be
corrected (stalking, singling, chasing, nipping, standing over, controlling,
wool pulling, ear chewing, guarding a specific area etc.).<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">To learn to differentiate acceptable from unacceptable
behaviour always keep in mind what the job is that the LGD is expected to do.
If the dog goes out of those parameters, then supervise. My expectations are:<br />
The dog should guard the flock against predators.<br />
He should not harm the livestock in any manner.<br />
He should not cause stress to the flock by chasing, nipping, harassing, or
humping them.<br />
It is not his job to mother the lamb, it is the ewe’s job.<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">A rule I follow is, any time I get an uneasy feeling
regarding a dog, even if I cannot define it, I will always revert to more
supervision, watching at a distance or even containing the dog until such point
where I can monitor him a bit more. This gives me peace of mind and it prevents
bad habits from escalating. If all is well, then the dog just had a bit of
extra supervision, and no harm was done.<br /><br /></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFaKZzhOjZFqGM251NTaZvmAFUTKbcmiSLufhnq-NcNGr9_tIGSUZ56R8obuRr3jeq1PfkA5kTJcCZ-Hlp8xeLp-tqV1GGf1vnRYyQQOvuSuj0u24pE2ejrl_b-a82ngC6o7AZloX01nOGo30_-BvH0nCsIMkSceeVEJ3rUnaSBV4FnIwxQUMQwprfug/s5184/IMG_2775.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3456" data-original-width="5184" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFaKZzhOjZFqGM251NTaZvmAFUTKbcmiSLufhnq-NcNGr9_tIGSUZ56R8obuRr3jeq1PfkA5kTJcCZ-Hlp8xeLp-tqV1GGf1vnRYyQQOvuSuj0u24pE2ejrl_b-a82ngC6o7AZloX01nOGo30_-BvH0nCsIMkSceeVEJ3rUnaSBV4FnIwxQUMQwprfug/w400-h266/IMG_2775.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">This dog lives with the cows when they are calving. It is his job to be watchful for predators, the cow will take care of her calf, and the dog will ensure no coyotes or wolves go near the pair.<br /><br /></span></td></tr></tbody></table>Louise Liebenberghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05474938590034065595noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7481785061696705243.post-83013220091502373262022-05-06T11:16:00.000-07:002022-05-06T11:16:22.293-07:00Trends in Raising Livestock Guardian Dogs<p><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUbsqypKP11kkqH3Ge9Pdsv2KSus38gcrglTRyyYpFKxijuoHX4uD1Xi05ad_b-ge0ueeArhnEFWhDzV31PBj4Ver3ej1wOu565nD9F0BiDcpepCjqPKe6WUxtzbkXWb7u3VrYyBexZB9jQLFzYPT98t3oODs4Uv7T70Zaye-5aZPDItkQobE_EPCjdQ/s4272/20140621%20pups%20at%20sheep%20096.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2848" data-original-width="4272" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUbsqypKP11kkqH3Ge9Pdsv2KSus38gcrglTRyyYpFKxijuoHX4uD1Xi05ad_b-ge0ueeArhnEFWhDzV31PBj4Ver3ej1wOu565nD9F0BiDcpepCjqPKe6WUxtzbkXWb7u3VrYyBexZB9jQLFzYPT98t3oODs4Uv7T70Zaye-5aZPDItkQobE_EPCjdQ/w400-h266/20140621%20pups%20at%20sheep%20096.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">This
is where the magic happens, where pups can learn to find comfort and
companionship with the sheep. </span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><b><br />Trends in Raising Livestock Guardian Dogs</b><br /><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;">©</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;">Louise
Liebenberg (2021)<br />Written for <a href="http://www.theshepherdmagazine.com/" target="_blank">The Shepherd's Magazine</a></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;">
This year I celebrate 30 years of working and being around livestock guardian
dogs (LGD), I have seen and experienced a lot in those years. I have lived and
worked with sheepdogs on three different continents, working with dogs who were
amazing at their job requiring very little correction or guidance, to dogs that
have harmed livestock. I have tried to rehabilitate “lost causes”, some of
which were successful, and others that were not.</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span><span style="font-family: inherit;">I have
seen dogs who were not bonded to the livestock and this manifests itself in
various ways; uninterest toward the sheep, some become aggressive, and others
can live with the livestock without being protective of them. I have always </span>utilized<span style="font-family: inherit;"> sheepdogs in a professional capacity, my income has always been </span>dependent<span style="font-family: inherit;"> on my ranching </span>practices<span style="font-family: inherit;">. As much as I like dogs, they are first and foremost
here to protect the livestock. In the past 30 years, I have seen many trends
come and go regarding LGD. Some good, others bad and some questionable. This
article is going to look at one of these trends regarding raising LGD puppies.</span><br />
<br /><span style="font-family: inherit;">
Lately, the popularity of LGD has increased exponentially and along with this
rise also comes a large variety of opinions, on how to raise them and how to
work with them. I accept that different folks have livestock in a variety of settings,
and this influences how the dogs are worked. </span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span><span style="font-family: inherit;">However, I see certain approaches to raising
LGD that I really question the validity of.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Back in the 80’s the use of LGD was relatively new in North
America. In the 70’s the U.S. Sheep. Experiment Station (USSES) at Dubois,
Idaho studied the use of LGD, followed by the Coppinger husband and wife team
working on the Livestock Dog Project (Amherst, MA) and finally a study was
conducted at Colorado State University (Ft. Collins). These research projects
were the basis from which LGD were studied and evaluated in North America. All
the research emphasized the importance of the bonding period of the LGD to the
livestock. Without this development of this bond, the LGD were simply not
“invested” enough in the sheep to want to stay with them and guard them.
Everyone </span>emphasized<span style="font-family: inherit;"> this time as being critical to the development of the LGD
puppy. Some of this was taken to the extreme where a total hands-off method of
raising was promoted. This continued for the next few decades, and it was
common to see completely feral LGD, that could not be handled or touched. At
that time, most people using LGD had range sheep and were larger outfits. The
dogs, rarely, if ever, mingled with public and as the sheep were grazing bigger
areas of land, </span>neighbors<span style="font-family: inherit;"> were also not a real concern for them. The dogs
interacted with the shepherds for daily care. If a dog roamed away, it would
often end up at another band of sheep which was not usually a big problem.</span><br />
<br /><span style="font-family: inherit;">
In the 90’s and 2000’s, a shift took place in how LGD were being used. They were
being used on smaller, more stationary operations, where the sheep were
contained by fences and grazed rotationally. At this time, I was promoting a
more hands-on way of working with LGD, I spoke at a conference and the topic
was “No feral livestock guardian dogs for me, or my livestock”. At this time,
it was frowned upon to pet and handle LGD. Many believed that petting them
would ruin them. I remember explaining that puppies still needed to be bonded
to the livestock but petting, vet care and some regular handling was okay and even
beneficial. Some people were skeptical about this approach as they feared that
the LGD would end up on the porch rather than out in the field with the sheep.
I </span>realized<span style="font-family: inherit;"> that some people struggled to find that balance, how to have a
friendly, sociable dog that was bonded to the livestock. </span><br />
<br /><span style="font-family: inherit;">
Moving along, again LGD use has shifted, many people on small homesteads, hobby
farms and backyard chicken keepers are looking at keeping LGD for a handful of
livestock. The expectation is that the dogs do not bark much, are friendly to
all visitors to the ranch, do not roam and are good with the livestock. Talking
to many of these homestead people, I feel that what they are wanting is more in
line with a general farm dog than a specialist such as the LGD. In this regard
I think semantics’ matters and these people need to clearly define what they
are wanting and looking for in a dog. This will help them find a dog that is
suitable for their situation. Having the work for the dog clearly defined (LGD,
farm dog, pet, or guard dog), will also define how the pup should be raised so
that it can be successful in the role the owner requires of the dog. I have
noticed more of a push from certain groups to promote keeping LGD in the house,
to bond first with the family and then over the next few years transition the
dog outside to the livestock. I cannot help but feel that this is such a missed
opportunity for the pup to truly form an attachment to the sheep. I know, I
want my LGD not to feel conflicted about where they need to be, I want them to
be happy and comfortable with the livestock. I want my LGD to be protective of
the sheep, not just territorial guarding (which most dogs do). I question how
fair it is to first raise the pup in the house and then expect it to transition
living outside with the livestock?</span><br />
<br /><span style="font-family: inherit;">
Too often, I see people saying that a 12-week-old pup is too young to be with
the livestock; it is too cold, too hot, a pup could be a target for predators
and many such arguments. All these points are moot, as any good owner will know,
that a pup requires adequate housing and protection from the elements, no
rancher is going to drop his young pup off in some far away pasture just for a
predator to come along and kill it. Having a pup grow up with the livestock,
does not mean it will not have adequate protection, care, and shelter. That is
basic animal husbandry!<o:p></o:p></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbIk3b0k2tYFJ4--FH6f1_-lXsyfFsBvfFwNQsxf7bWiVgF8irDu3DzB6XbYwBe1Pj3rPXGE8O9s4RzT9jgayG2zD58Ojgl03wa5eIobCuUL2MlSfU-Pb_L7YvzPUhkB8tXo6HIuj77BARW7ric4LCMs7Na0uXFic4L22EkiGr1fekzXMOQBZRZrReOw/s5184/IMG_8615.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3456" data-original-width="5184" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbIk3b0k2tYFJ4--FH6f1_-lXsyfFsBvfFwNQsxf7bWiVgF8irDu3DzB6XbYwBe1Pj3rPXGE8O9s4RzT9jgayG2zD58Ojgl03wa5eIobCuUL2MlSfU-Pb_L7YvzPUhkB8tXo6HIuj77BARW7ric4LCMs7Na0uXFic4L22EkiGr1fekzXMOQBZRZrReOw/s320/IMG_8615.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15.6933px;">This 12-week-old pup is content to be with the sheep and enjoys lots of human interaction while it is living full time with the sheep.<br /><br /><br /></span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: inherit;">The people that promote this form of raising LGD say that
the dog is capable of bonding to both the people and the livestock (I agree
with this), and they want to establish this human/LGD bond first, to ensure
that the dog is well socialized and attached to the owner. I have very well
socialized dogs, they can all be handled, well behaved, and super attached to
me despite them living full time with the sheep. Once again, there is nothing
stopping an owner going to the pasture and spend valuable time with the LGD.
Where they sleep, does not determine how </span>socialized<span style="font-family: inherit;"> and bonded, they are to the
owner. I would argue that it is easier to form a bond with the dog that lives
with the sheep, than it is for the dog to form a bond with the sheep that is
living in the house!</span>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;">The same people explain that this is how traditional shepherds,
and their dogs live, in my opinion, it is a rather romanticized image of
traditional shepherds. I have never seen a true working LGD (in Europe) that
lives in the house. Most times the dogs, when not working are chained up
outside by the barn. The shepherds appreciate their dogs, some are very
attached to their dogs but none of them are raised in the house. The dogs are
tied up when the shepherds bring the sheep back to the villages or are locked
up in a building, barn, or kennel. Kids do play with pups, but this happens
outside. Pups are often left to free range around the yards, while the mother
is chained close by. Once the pups are a little older they are chained.</span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnjQ1LznH175gAILHmSF1tFCC-FT0Pj41IKm9mBg5vQCtFdM8TMjLGhgaUH1biTLIidxeY5l1STAmaNW38QGcSpiy2PGcx_bdiGKtIP22NCy5mfhe3W3ZjjIiGN0DBHRmxsk4YERaU7pMxdZQwCNoNZM1cdStJaPIUJUER7nRtyvpjT6UxJDAqtvVvpQ/s4272/IMG_7703.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2848" data-original-width="4272" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnjQ1LznH175gAILHmSF1tFCC-FT0Pj41IKm9mBg5vQCtFdM8TMjLGhgaUH1biTLIidxeY5l1STAmaNW38QGcSpiy2PGcx_bdiGKtIP22NCy5mfhe3W3ZjjIiGN0DBHRmxsk4YERaU7pMxdZQwCNoNZM1cdStJaPIUJUER7nRtyvpjT6UxJDAqtvVvpQ/w400-h266/IMG_7703.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15.6933px;">A shepherd’s dog in Macedonia. The sheep are in the village for the winter, the dog is chained to an old truck cab as a shelter. No LGD are raised in the house.<br /><br /></span></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;">
There is a big difference in needing a LGD or wanting an LGD. This need or
want, is often reflected in how they are raised as pups.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The folks who “want” will more likely raise
the pup in the house, with the family and treat it more like a pet dog than
those that “need” an LGD. The people who truly “need” a LGD will want their pup
to form a bond with the livestock. These owners will ensure that the dog has
every opportunity to learn about sheep, facilitate bonding and provide the
right environment for the pup to be successful in its future job. I know, I
want my LGD to have a certain level of maturity and seriousness regarding their
job as soon as possible, and that only comes with lots of exposure to the
livestock. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;">I am all for people raising their dogs however they want,
but I also hate to see LGD fail due to people errors. It saddens me when
someone raised their LGD in the house for two years and now it does not want to
stay with the sheep, or the dog is so wild when outside with the livestock that
it harasses them. It is very concerning that some people feel that this is the
way LGD pups should be raised, it sets a trend for animal welfare people to
change legislation, similarly, to the “bring-them-inside-when-its-cold” crowd. I
feel that the pendulum is now swinging too far to the side of raising LGD as
pets, and it feels like I am struggling to convince people how valuable that
initial bonding time is to the livestock, how you can have a great relationship
with your working dogs and that it is simply not cruel to raise it with the
sheep.</span><o:p></o:p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiY6bGBwM9CI1LVZxRMtcgtSFe6RNH7644vURxV0GKN5zHUYDZ6FHEXJIl9AVfETT_UYEQaCONTVz3zznRXEPTc4vFeS0sFHHBU8pSD5zsH_druDMQ3ZwAjWY_-UE2Zo-0dbl_DPeuRwe1VOGRn07g5SYajt8SKBpkDTXG_ocK3OE_XvHktEzFQ5YjHbQ/s4272/snowy%20pups%204%20weeks%20124.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2848" data-original-width="4272" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiY6bGBwM9CI1LVZxRMtcgtSFe6RNH7644vURxV0GKN5zHUYDZ6FHEXJIl9AVfETT_UYEQaCONTVz3zznRXEPTc4vFeS0sFHHBU8pSD5zsH_druDMQ3ZwAjWY_-UE2Zo-0dbl_DPeuRwe1VOGRn07g5SYajt8SKBpkDTXG_ocK3OE_XvHktEzFQ5YjHbQ/s320/snowy%20pups%204%20weeks%20124.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15.6933px;">My kids can always spend as much time with the pups that they want, provided it is with the sheep in the barn or pasture. This helps to make pups sociable to people and still allows them to bond to the livestock.<br /><br /></span></td></tr></tbody></table>Louise Liebenberghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05474938590034065595noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7481785061696705243.post-17052205226274002502022-04-22T13:03:00.007-07:002022-04-22T13:03:48.181-07:00The Economic Tipping Point<p> </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4LVaTWdfXF9UuViTfHKq0P_jOHnETYkgluAP3Mk_grHjNKF2GmRUQnJwz-_--t-Cr1Rb6JfvZQQfaNrf3UNy57dRiLVLFDV4O0yZCkSRdoiesMIyU43e7R7QdRXFjq77MhZiNW7ZhPlfO9J8lhbLYiWnuL3Djzg5L0E2P_Xj3PRAmTZNCMHl6LwTLiw/s4272/20140921%20SUNSET%20SHEEP%20AND%20DOGS%20087%20-%20Copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2848" data-original-width="4272" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4LVaTWdfXF9UuViTfHKq0P_jOHnETYkgluAP3Mk_grHjNKF2GmRUQnJwz-_--t-Cr1Rb6JfvZQQfaNrf3UNy57dRiLVLFDV4O0yZCkSRdoiesMIyU43e7R7QdRXFjq77MhZiNW7ZhPlfO9J8lhbLYiWnuL3Djzg5L0E2P_Xj3PRAmTZNCMHl6LwTLiw/w400-h266/20140921%20SUNSET%20SHEEP%20AND%20DOGS%20087%20-%20Copy.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">Feeding multiple LGD is not cheap, the annual costs of the use of LGD needs to be weighed against the benefits.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal"><br /><b>The Economic Tipping Point</b><br /><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">©</span>Louise Liebenberg (2021)<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p>There have been several articles and studies done on the
cost of raising and keeping livestock guardian dogs (LGD) versus the benefits
of using guardian dogs to protect livestock against predation. In a study done
by Tina L. Saitone, and Ellen M. Bruno (published in 2020) they took a closer
look at the economics of utilizing LGD. The short summary concluded “We
estimated that for a representative sheep operation with a breeding flock of
500 adult females (ewes), the use of 5 LGDs reduced lambs and ewes lost to
coyote predation by 43% and 25%, respectively, for a total savings of US$16,200
over 7 years. However, we found that costs, which included acquisition and
maintenance expenses, exceed benefits of this investment over the 7<span lang="EN-US">‐</span>year useful life of LGDs by US$13,413. Our results inform
the adoption of LGDs, demonstrating that LGDs are only cost<span lang="EN-US">‐</span>effective
for certain types of operations, namely those where LGDs can achieve high rates
of predator protection efficacy.” (Wildlife Society Bulletin 1–9; 2020; DOI:
10.1002/wsb.1063)</p><p class="MsoNormal">
<br />
Dan Macon, in an article he wrote, took a closer look at some of the points
made by Saitone and Bruno. Macon questions how to put a value to some of the
costs/benefit calculations; “how do I know how many sheep didn't die because we
had dogs with them? What is the value of my own peace of mind? (https://ucanr.edu/blogs/blogcore/postdetail.cfm?postnum=31326).<br />
What was clear from both articles was that quantifying the cost /benefit is not
a simple calculation of feed, purchase, and veterinary costs versus livestock
lost/saved because of using LGD. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is
hard to quantify what was not lost or what was saved because of the presence of
the dogs, or even the number of dogs a certain operation needs, labor costs
will vary dependent on a variety of factors. <br />
</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAd5H16gyVTgUqNmyJKdux6sxxo42DbTEz_IqieU_vW6XwEBXnz33IfZwJxwxmopoK--CX23FHYtPQhSvein0FJ05KVWmDBucZsnwxOsMLQhfMhuXcs2B9frZXq0C6DAl5clkPklhR_vyuehGY4HSCSjfHDcSN9u5tVdv84b0FzJPq0GcQXnxf--kEzg/s5184/IMG_3200%20-%20Copy.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3456" data-original-width="5184" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAd5H16gyVTgUqNmyJKdux6sxxo42DbTEz_IqieU_vW6XwEBXnz33IfZwJxwxmopoK--CX23FHYtPQhSvein0FJ05KVWmDBucZsnwxOsMLQhfMhuXcs2B9frZXq0C6DAl5clkPklhR_vyuehGY4HSCSjfHDcSN9u5tVdv84b0FzJPq0GcQXnxf--kEzg/w400-h266/IMG_3200%20-%20Copy.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">Cattle who are accustomed to large dogs, tend to be less stressed and calmer around wolves. Calmer livestock have a direct and positive effect on gains and well being of the animals.<br /><br /></span></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal">
Many of the costs/benefits are hidden and hard to quantify. Cattle who get
harassed regularly by wolves tend to wean lighter weight calves, they expend
more time and energy being on the lookout for predators and the cattle tend to
be more nervous. They spend less time grazing and confine their grazing to
safer areas. Calves can be lost due to abandonment because of predator
harassment. These calves are often not even found. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These losses are not direct deaths however
they do have an economic impact on the wellbeing of the livestock. How do you
put a value or benefit to keeping cattle/ sheep calmer? Research (Weber et al, 2015)
at the U.S. Sheep Center in Dubois, Idaho, found "that ewes grazing with
accompanying LGD will travel greater daily distances compared with ewes grazing
without LGD accompaniment. As a result of traveling greater distances, ewes may
also be exposed to more and varied foraging opportunities." (https://d1cqrq366w3ike.cloudfront.net/http/DOCUMENT/SheepUSA/SGRJ_V30_18-23_Webber_7-15.pdf)<br />
I have found in our own flock that having the LGD with the sheep allows for the
sheep to spend more time grazing, they will go and graze in heavier bushed
pastures. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Before using LGD, the ewes
would not venture into these areas. They are more comfortable grazing when the
LGD are present. Similarly, with the cattle. As our cattle are accustomed to
large, big dogs in amongst them, they do not spook/scare easily.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Wolves like to test a herd by spooking them,
they will make runs at the herd to create some panic where younger or older
animal will split off from the main herd making it an easier target for wolves.
We have seen wolves around our cattle, the cows do not spook, they tend to
remain calmer and tighter together.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It
would require the wolves to put a lot more effort into making the cattle run. How
do you put a value to this?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Having
calmer cattle that do not scatter or run through fences when approached by
wolves, helps with overall cattle management and a saving in labor costs, plus
the bonus is that the chance of an animal getting predated on becomes
significantly reduced.<br />
<br />
<br />
Another point to consider when looking at cost/benefit calculations is the
do-ability and affordability of some of the other predator control methods
versus the implementation of LGD. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is
not always feasible or cost effective to fence off a few thousand acres of land,
or to hire a full-time range rider.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Not
every area lends itself to rotational grazing, or where electric nets can be
set up. Changing lambing time may require the building of large barns. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Not everyone can afford to pay for some of the
other deterrent measures and some are simply not an option for many operations.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>LGD in themselves might not always be cost
effective according to Saitone and Bruno, but in comparison to many other
options, it is still affordable and do-able for a variety of ranches. The cost
of using LGD does need to be compared to the cost of other management tools. Most
professional livestock keepers can implement and afford using LGD. Many
operations find a large capital investment, such as fencing or barns, too high
for their operation despite it perhaps being the “best” solution for the
predation problems, affordability becomes an issue.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Taking it a step further, the benefits may not just be
directly to the rancher in how many lambs he can save but could incorporate a
wider range of values.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Can one quantify
what the value is of having predators on the landscape with regards to biodiversity,
intact eco-systems, and populations? <span style="color: red;"><br />
</span>In Portugal, the Grupo Lobo, is an independent, non-profit ENGO that
works for the conservation of the Iberian wolf and its ecosystem. They provide
LGD to shepherds, pay for the veterinary care and the first year of food for
the dogs to encourage, and offset some of the initial costs of acquiring and
caring for LGD.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A similar program is run
through the Cheetah Conservation Fund in Namibia where LGD are provided to
sheep and goat farmers as means to reduce potential conflict between farmers
and the endangered cheetah. If conflicts are reduced due to LGD being present
in the flocks, then farmers are less inclined to kill the cheetah. The costs of
the LGD program are far below the benefits of saving every single cheetah due
to the fragility of the population. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>What
is it the value of saving an endangered species?<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">In some countries there are compensation programs to
encourage people to utilize LGD. In Saskatchewan, Canada the province wants to
encourage producers to find ways to reduce the possibility of predation, they
have a LGD rebate program run through the Saskatchewan Crop Insurance
Corporation where they contribute; “$100 to help producers offset the cost of
purchasing a livestock guardian dog. The use of guardian dogs can be an
effective method of preventing predation; however, it does require the
commitment from the producer to develop the potential of the dog. Livestock
guardian dogs are most effective when complemented by other predation
management practices.” (<a href="https://www.scic.ca/wildlife/predation-prevention/">https://www.scic.ca/wildlife/predation-prevention/</a>).
It is in this case, it is cheaper to pay towards the purchase of a LGD than to
compensate for livestock that is predated on.<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Using LGD is costly and for many ranchers it is a serious
consideration. Many calculate this cost and write it off as an operating
expense. Similarly, to a store that needs to invest in a security system. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is the cost of doing business in certain
neighborhoods. Cost estimates for keeping one LGD per year, range between $350
to $1600 per dog, this estimate includes direct costs such as veterinary care,
food, purchase price, replacement costs and labor. This is a significant amount.
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This brings me to the tipping
point.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Where do you draw the line
between if need or want an LGD? <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When
does the cost override the benefits? If your livestock consists of 5 hens then
spending on average of $750 per year to maintain the dog, might not be
proportional to the value of the livestock. It may be cheaper and an easier
solution to build a solid chicken coop or good fencing, that will last many
years. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In this scenario you might not
really “need” the LGD.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Even smaller
professional operations can often have good results with other management
strategies to reduce predation, things like fox-lights or electric netting might
be more profitable than working with an LGD. I often chuckle when reading
through some of the social media platforms, where some people advise folks with
a handful of sheep to use 3 to 5 LGD. Obviously, these people have not had to
feed and provide veterinary care for this many dogs! <br />
<br />
Each situation is unique, and it is not quite so simple to make a cost- benefit
analysis. However, it is an important consideration because having LGD in the
flock or herd is not “free” or cheap. Sometimes economically, it may be
sensible to investigate other options than LGD for keeping the livestock safe.
For many operations having LGD is a necessity and worth the financial and time
investment. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In other situations, having
a LGD is simple a “want” and not necessarily a “need” and that is okay too!
Each operation needs to find their own tipping point where economic implications
are weighed against the benefits. LGD are essential for my livestock operation,
but I also value their companionship, the safety they provide me when I am in the
bush and the fact that I can sleep a little easier at night knowing the dogs
are watching over the sheep.<br /> </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqEAfYo8oGsJDse4AgcCn8-lE_yONf3tbwx1MBa0GQt0clHW2ugBS8_bpWQi__q-u_FxZB3Lb75aUf6UEzy-sPHOiYS0ljwfRnNB0CpDKLvlp77E4C3D1ma1kpuyB07XhfVRiL8kvp-RwXmKV0AgoZd9FJVlMkMk6rqeTB0NdUjCNdtxH_2asY3HxFkA/s3527/TSM_IMG_8740%20-%20Copy.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2351" data-original-width="3527" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqEAfYo8oGsJDse4AgcCn8-lE_yONf3tbwx1MBa0GQt0clHW2ugBS8_bpWQi__q-u_FxZB3Lb75aUf6UEzy-sPHOiYS0ljwfRnNB0CpDKLvlp77E4C3D1ma1kpuyB07XhfVRiL8kvp-RwXmKV0AgoZd9FJVlMkMk6rqeTB0NdUjCNdtxH_2asY3HxFkA/w400-h266/TSM_IMG_8740%20-%20Copy.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">A night corral for livestock </span><span style="text-align: left;"> </span><span style="text-align: left;">in Portugal. The cost of this type of anti-wolf fence might not be affordable or do-able to most livestock owners.<br /><br /></span></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>Louise Liebenberghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05474938590034065595noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7481785061696705243.post-90667146811520969942022-03-06T17:30:00.003-08:002022-03-06T17:30:46.966-08:00What is the ideal age to bring a LGD pup home?<p> </p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgHGlGjFbWjdyn1wI-8vSYNVy4--KAYAgVNSVzb8DG2K7p5qWL0L-zQ4OUDSQya2d8xuatOLJVjpE-CPyP-9U2iPhdfehLEKErbCZlb4q4k_JdcxzpWNCr28ioHqP9GSBIuCsPyJ29kH8l30jZg0Cgjsj2nQXL0QcV4W2SFoopO87kzlYrLosy6yQrSiw=s4272" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2848" data-original-width="4272" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgHGlGjFbWjdyn1wI-8vSYNVy4--KAYAgVNSVzb8DG2K7p5qWL0L-zQ4OUDSQya2d8xuatOLJVjpE-CPyP-9U2iPhdfehLEKErbCZlb4q4k_JdcxzpWNCr28ioHqP9GSBIuCsPyJ29kH8l30jZg0Cgjsj2nQXL0QcV4W2SFoopO87kzlYrLosy6yQrSiw=w400-h266" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">These pups are in the neonatal stage. They can smell and from this early age the smell of their mom, sheep and people becomes imprinted in their brain.<br /><br /></span></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal"><b>What is the ideal age to bring a pup home?</b><br /><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">©</span>Louise Liebenberg(2021)<br />
Written for : The Shepherds Magazine<br /><br /><br />
Social media platforms always provides me with material to write about! This
past week a man made a post introducing himself and mentioning that he was
excited to welcome his first livestock guardian dog (LGD) puppy to his place
and that he was collecting his 8-week-old pup that week. With that comment, the
floodgate of opinions and advice opened. Most people mentioned that 8 weeks was
“waaaay” too young and that ideally, the pup should remain with its littermates
and mother until at least 12 weeks, but preferably 16 weeks of age. Other
people mentioned even longer, and some said 8 weeks was just fine. I am sure this
first time LGD owner was totally confused what is best to do. I like to give
practical advise and share experiences that will lead to the highest chance of
success for both owner and pup. I like to present what I regard as best practices,
regarding the use of LGD. This discussion on social media led me to change the
original topic I was working on, and I decided to prioritize this one!<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The consensus amongst breeders, veterinarians and
behaviorists is that the best age to place a puppy with its new family is
around eight weeks of age. Puppies go through a socialization phase between 7
and 14 weeks. The 8-week age allows the breeder sufficient time to ensure
adequate basic veterinary care that includes deworming and vaccinations and
allows the pup ample time to socialize and form attachments with its new
family. In many States, it is illegal to sell puppies younger than eight weeks
old. This is to ensure that the welfare of the pups is not compromised by
breeders weaning and selling too young. This eight-week-old standard should be
regarded as the absolute minimum age a puppy should leave the litter. <br />
</p><p class="MsoNormal">In livestock guardian dogs research, the critical period for bonding the pup to
livestock has also been shown to coincide with that general socialization
phase, researchers suggest that pups can best form a bond to the livestock
between 7 and 16 weeks old. Older dogs can bond to the livestock; however, it
is much easier to utilize this natural socialization phase to encourage bonding
to the livestock.<br />
</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjRZZtWfcTdlW28eVObZwEahm_typBAcFkbJfU24EqPWf3KfZXMWi0Ucg7O3PX9zIhCsv5hXVTjsZKcGufFboqgXxglo3kMr3pGpJ7GYKEwyIWcG4-h0ATCWYR_arYV0FlkGh4tN1BI9sIxYzJdgjeDo2j_-cm_DnG_cpk9y2xPHYxnAui073Ki1hrMhw=s4272" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2848" data-original-width="4272" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjRZZtWfcTdlW28eVObZwEahm_typBAcFkbJfU24EqPWf3KfZXMWi0Ucg7O3PX9zIhCsv5hXVTjsZKcGufFboqgXxglo3kMr3pGpJ7GYKEwyIWcG4-h0ATCWYR_arYV0FlkGh4tN1BI9sIxYzJdgjeDo2j_-cm_DnG_cpk9y2xPHYxnAui073Ki1hrMhw=w400-h266" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">This 5-week-old puppy is learning that sheep belong in its world. It is learning to form attachments with the livestock and people, not just to its mother and littermates.<br /><br /></span></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal">
In the past few years, I have seen a “trend” in many of the online LGD forums
advocating for pups to remain longer with the breeder, where some are
suggesting that pups should be staying a minimum of 16 weeks with the breeder.
I understand the motivation for suggesting this, but the reality is often a lot
different. Anyone who has raised a litter of LGD pups will know that by 4
months old, you would have a gang of prepubescent pups who live by their own
rules! None of these pups will have had the opportunity to develop individually
and few will have had the opportunity to form a close bond with the livestock. </p><p class="MsoNormal">The stress the pup feels when being separated from its littermates is a trigger
for the pup to seek new companions, be it the new family or the livestock. At
four months of age this gang of puppies will be solely focused on each other
and constantly playing/fighting with each other. A large litter will explore
and roam further away and be less motivated to respond to people or the livestock
in a positive way.<br />If these pups are to be raised around
poultry, a litter of four-month-olds would wreak havoc on these chickens or
even lambs due to playing, roughhousing and general puppy antics. Bad habits
and behaviours can creep in very quickly particularly when the pups feed off
each others excitement. These pups will not be having the ideal start as so
many believe.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgQos8PwBNze5QRhZLlN4HScujmvrqFgoFz06W_x2O0KcPsDbvlGvBb5_rkEuO71iNa-p33VpNxghXtQoWDgbtwmoNYMvJEHDwiSdVxopvB-8iOH9tY8VH_PLQ32de__UhKdpiK9eO5_t-s6-kmWAN08sS9qdPvxJ-lBEc68KpcxCkUMp1P4HV_7afnqg=s4272" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2848" data-original-width="4272" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgQos8PwBNze5QRhZLlN4HScujmvrqFgoFz06W_x2O0KcPsDbvlGvBb5_rkEuO71iNa-p33VpNxghXtQoWDgbtwmoNYMvJEHDwiSdVxopvB-8iOH9tY8VH_PLQ32de__UhKdpiK9eO5_t-s6-kmWAN08sS9qdPvxJ-lBEc68KpcxCkUMp1P4HV_7afnqg=w400-h266" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">Eight-week-old puppies are very exploratory, provided they have a few littermates to go on adventures together.<br /><br /></span></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p class="MsoNormal">This leads onto the next problem. If someone posts on social
media that they have acquired two pups at the same time, the comment section
fills up with suggestions to separate the pups as possible to ensure they do
not develop littermate syndrome. Littermate syndrome is a term used to describe
when two siblings or close in age pups form a hyper attachment (co-dependency)
to one another, resulting in an inability to function independently, a lack of
forming attachments to people (or livestock) and multiple other behavioural
issues. This co-dependency starts to form during the later stage of the socialization
period, problems may however only be manifested at a later stage, often around
adolescence. It is contradictory to suggest that raising two pups could result
in behavioral issues due to littermate syndrome and yet expect a breeder to
raise a litter until 16 weeks of age!<br />
<br />
It is essential that pups need to have time with their littermates to learn
about dog social behaviour, this is where pups learn about fair play, bite inhibition and they learn “dog language”. It is also important for a pup
to observe how the mother interacts with the livestock; a pup that is raised
with livestock will have seen these interactions daily since birth. The
groundwork has been done by the time a pup is 8-12 weeks old. For a young LGD
it is important to learn to function independently, to build confidence, to
learn to work with various dogs and to form attachments to different people and
animals, not just its mother and siblings. This process starts when the pup
leaves the breeder and goes to its new ranch.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Some breeds of dogs are slower maturing than others, a
border collie at 8-weeks old is ready for new adventures, while most LGD pups
are somewhat slower, an 8-week-old Great Pyrenees cannot be compared to an 8-week-old
Border Collie developmentally. Allowing for this, the ideal age for a border
collie to leave the breeder could be 8-10 weeks, while a LGD pup might be
better off leaving at 10 to 12 weeks.<o:p></o:p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhPp3B3QOKpOypTkVp-DUiqLINP-OGvN-_a1e5xYV3XSNgj2WzzrIWI_ntEKUXNbxCBYgRA6MFa8id-z7L-RTQ7Cc0fAeYFW9Agk0A7s0hX1Qitg1wD4wcptcg5CfLk8O8twe1hm_sGvhcf06ig_RKhyB6KJGk-jnr8F3XsRQvaGXYvFGRjdWt6-IyqEg=s4272" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2848" data-original-width="4272" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhPp3B3QOKpOypTkVp-DUiqLINP-OGvN-_a1e5xYV3XSNgj2WzzrIWI_ntEKUXNbxCBYgRA6MFa8id-z7L-RTQ7Cc0fAeYFW9Agk0A7s0hX1Qitg1wD4wcptcg5CfLk8O8twe1hm_sGvhcf06ig_RKhyB6KJGk-jnr8F3XsRQvaGXYvFGRjdWt6-IyqEg=w400-h266" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">These pups are 8 weeks old, are learning all about social interactions with other dogs and expanding their learning around the sheep.<br /><br /></span></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p class="MsoNormal">The development of a puppies can be seen as stages. The
stages can be divided up into what the needs of the pup are and its ability to
learn and grow through each period. <br />
These stages are categorized as follows<br />
Neonatal Period (0 – 2 weeks), Transitional Period (2 – 4 weeks), Socialization
Period (3 – 12 weeks), Testing Period (3 – 6 months) and Adolescence (6 – 18
months)<br />
Pups also go through a few fear periods, usually around 8-10 weeks, then 9-14
months and sometimes around 18 months. Fear periods are normal, and it is during
these fear periods that the “fight or flight” instinct becomes established. It
is a mechanism for self preservation, pups need to learn what to be afraid of
and how to avoid bad situations in the future. Coincidently this first fear
period is also right in that optimum socialization period. As a 8 week old pup becomes
more explorative, he will need to learn quickly, what is safe and what is not.
Fear periods can be seen as a crash course in survival training.<br />
</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjppN8OLvnLmqGqZGHN1eK6iPknGLAJIF6uM4N2xU_iIf1M-GoYVIvau1lK3uTr1udI3k8cw7_cy4pqk1DRRPzUgZoYNs11U_LnAYZcWdBz7lv04WuqPbTye--PKLrUvpnGulYt6u1Ij74qo8SXLPPj4u0v-wdwHT2aDNpGYDQVVfImXNj3vAKg8kzlwg=s4272" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2848" data-original-width="4272" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjppN8OLvnLmqGqZGHN1eK6iPknGLAJIF6uM4N2xU_iIf1M-GoYVIvau1lK3uTr1udI3k8cw7_cy4pqk1DRRPzUgZoYNs11U_LnAYZcWdBz7lv04WuqPbTye--PKLrUvpnGulYt6u1Ij74qo8SXLPPj4u0v-wdwHT2aDNpGYDQVVfImXNj3vAKg8kzlwg=w400-h266" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">A pup that has been raised with livestock from birth will have the initial foundation, it is for the owner to extend its learning to its new flock.<br /><br /></span></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal">
So, how does a new owner navigate; optimal canine socialization, introduction
to livestock, littermate syndrome, bonding, fear stages, maturation rate and
attachment issues? I believe it starts with the breeder building that initial
foundation. Ideally, the pup will have had been raised with livestock, has
learnt about canine behaviour from its mom and other littermates and has been
introduced to various sounds and activities on the ranch. Waiting a few weeks
longer until the pup is <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>10-12 weeks of
age, will give the slower maturing LGD pups a little extra time to learn and
mature. It will most likely have gone through the initial fear stage at the
breeder with nothing bad happening to them at that point. When the pup leaves
to the new owner, there is still sufficient time to start the bonding process
with the new livestock. The separation from its littermates will stimulate its
individual development and it will seek to form new relationships. It is a
valuable time for the new owner to bond the pup with their livestock and
introduce the pup to its new environment. It is important that the new owner
facilitate the pup by providing a safe bonding area with gentle and kind
livestock. Removing a pup too young from the litter can have very negative
consequences for the pup’s development, staying too long at the breeder can
also result in the development of questionable behaviour. To make a long story
short, I believe the best time to bring the new pup home, is around 10 to 12
weeks!<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>Louise Liebenberghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05474938590034065595noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7481785061696705243.post-76941392816822226112022-01-19T18:11:00.005-08:002022-01-19T18:11:37.627-08:00Should I get two LGD at the same time?<p> </p><p class="MsoNormal"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjhjwliB8DC98bOjcmZnwag-YGqhG0Mv7CY3ZAGx_7UJk-2UOaaHMZYDOeOfmTkJfLBUWeq2bgynhE9hyXky0Nc2FrhGeaxXRqJYyCZLUDF3ZhPyQc0Acked0_KDqTT8QR0ZC76SEBzYqIrG9gLyTQyve-CStI9n-mjpKijBABsPrLlqTeQB2nmRzC4gw=s5184" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3456" data-original-width="5184" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjhjwliB8DC98bOjcmZnwag-YGqhG0Mv7CY3ZAGx_7UJk-2UOaaHMZYDOeOfmTkJfLBUWeq2bgynhE9hyXky0Nc2FrhGeaxXRqJYyCZLUDF3ZhPyQc0Acked0_KDqTT8QR0ZC76SEBzYqIrG9gLyTQyve-CStI9n-mjpKijBABsPrLlqTeQB2nmRzC4gw=w400-h266" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">Two mature dogs working together, the age difference between these two dogs is 5 years. These work well together and can be easily separated and placed with different groups of livestock as required. They are not hyper bonded to each other.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><b><br /><br />Should I get two LGD at the same time?</b><br /><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">©</span>Louise Liebenberg(2021)<br />Written for The Shepherd's Magazine.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p>As with everything on the internet, every person that
participates on online forums and other social media, has an opinion. The way
many of these social media platforms are set up is that the responses are
generally “short form”, a few sentences. What we often forget when writing
short answers to questions is that every situation is unique. So, when giving
short answers we cannot really dive into the nuances and complexities of the
situation. In most cases the person asking the question is only giving the bare
minimum of information, making is easy to misunderstand specific situations.
Often “blanket statement” type answers are given. In most cases, a lot of “confirmation bias”
takes place, the person writing the question only wants to hear answers that
support or validate their own opinion. On the large social media platforms with
thirty thousand plus members, the opinions can span from educated, to well
meaning, to outright ignorant. Sifting through all the online advise is a
minefield and often the person asking becomes even more confused as to what is
the right thing to do.</p><p class="MsoNormal">
Very often people post that they have just bought their first two livestock
guardian dog (LGD) puppies! Most people are excited for this journey and are
looking for information on how to raise them correctly, within a few short
minutes the opinions start rolling in:<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Fantastic, you must have two puppies together as
they will keep each other company, <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Oh no, get rid of one, as it is near impossible
to raise two pups at the same time,<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Read about littermate syndrome<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Littermate syndrome does not exist<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->LGD cannot work alone<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->It is better to raise one first, before adding
another<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Only a bad breeder will sell you two pups at the
same time<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Good for the breeder to sell you two, they work
best in two’s<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The person posting this just gets overloaded with multiple
contradicting opinions. Now what to do? None of these opinions are completely
right, or wrong, they are usually based on each person’s own experience. That
experience however, could range from a LGD breed being kept in a pet home to a
working ranch with thousands of ewes grazing large ranges. So, this article is
going to take a closer look at some of these statements.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">I believe that the success of having two puppies at the same
time is very dependant on things such as acreage, predator pressure number of
livestock, type of livestock, experience of the owner, how much time an owner
has for these pups and finally and if the breeder can mentor the buyer.<br />
<br />
The biggest problem with raising two pups, (siblings or pups of a similar age) <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>is that issues<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>only show after a few months. Nine-week-old pups are usually great
together, however at nine months old these pups can show a range of problematic
behaviour. Things such as hyper bonding to each other rather than to the stock,
getting into mischief together, double teaming the livestock causing injuries,
roaming and the high potential of fighting once they start reaching maturity.
These problems are often lumped together and called littermate syndrome.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The biggest challenge for the owner is to be
able to recognize problem behaviour and intervene before behaviours become
established.<br /><br />Pups that are not bonded to the livestock generally show no
attentiveness or even protectiveness toward the livestock, this in turn can
affect the trustworthiness of the pups as they have not developed a
relationship with the livestock to the point where the dogs feel they need to
protect them. The pups become more obsessed with each other and pay less
attention to the owner or the livestock. Separating these pups is usually the
solution, however it can become a nightmare as they will be very persistent in
escaping to be with one another. Some dogs end up fighting so badly, that they
can often never be together again. All, in all the challenges that arise from
raising multiple young dogs together can result in an owner being unable to
manage these dogs effectively. Most times, one dog ends up being rehomed, shot,
or becomes the porch dog. This is the
main reason why the general advise to new owners is not to acquire two pups at
the same time, particularly if the owners are new to owning LGD. </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgM4n5Wtbmpvcc6BMTYpGLyjiQTZmQn1BnFsJEZYJJ6Dxds4Fn1FvhbSOXpXmgBJsZrQxNJ_UsM42v_sDsh6_YYxhmIK-SiW70gBmsody1HvmgBXmM3l8vP1dpWVWM6uuUF-EpR26oGYdVUDws0jQYamFhKNpHlT5vfoA80Dr7ICoQJHdBclDlxP1ZtUg=s4272" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2848" data-original-width="4272" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgM4n5Wtbmpvcc6BMTYpGLyjiQTZmQn1BnFsJEZYJJ6Dxds4Fn1FvhbSOXpXmgBJsZrQxNJ_UsM42v_sDsh6_YYxhmIK-SiW70gBmsody1HvmgBXmM3l8vP1dpWVWM6uuUF-EpR26oGYdVUDws0jQYamFhKNpHlT5vfoA80Dr7ICoQJHdBclDlxP1ZtUg=w400-h266" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">This single pup in Macedonia is allowed to go with the shepherd when he is out grazing the goats.<br /><br /></span></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal">
On a small operation the problems can be exacerbated as the dogs have no
opportunity to get away from each other, this can lead to more tensions between
them. With small operations there is generally less stimulation (work, movement,
smells or other LGD) for younger dogs, which equates to boredom. Bored dogs get
into trouble! Two together, generally means double trouble!<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">It is true that two pups do keep each other company, they
can burn off excess energy and can play with each other. Some people find this
playing with each other redirects them from playing with the livestock. This
may be true for some but not all LGD pups. Most sheep cannot survive two large
adolescent pups running them down, nipping them or pulling wool. Dogs who play
excessively with each other, tend to take longer to mature as this constant
play, keeps them in a juvenile mindset for longer. It is hard for the owner to
get a handle on two naughty pups without separating them. Which then, defeats
the point of acquiring two at the same time.<br />
</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjuNzkC2M5uoGQx1yX6e2wbdpasEeuzlR6XhVuO1z5dzRhsQJUOkBQ-UrzguNwPsqwY-AoCAVKRp0GWm9Z-P5JHoY0K7uZZRkjp72gtJ0JmDyNb9TftcMkcugupc5fmzN74gw1sG-cZqrIeZ-DTow6-heXfBXKef1bVBEF0mSWy60eLWgZG195Pte0A7A=s5184" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3456" data-original-width="5184" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjuNzkC2M5uoGQx1yX6e2wbdpasEeuzlR6XhVuO1z5dzRhsQJUOkBQ-UrzguNwPsqwY-AoCAVKRp0GWm9Z-P5JHoY0K7uZZRkjp72gtJ0JmDyNb9TftcMkcugupc5fmzN74gw1sG-cZqrIeZ-DTow6-heXfBXKef1bVBEF0mSWy60eLWgZG195Pte0A7A=w400-h266" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">Some playing between young dogs is normal, the problem is, if it becomes excessive to the point they are only focussed on each other, and not the livestock.<br /><br /></span></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal">
There are situations where having siblings or pups close in age can work. In
range operations where there is a lot of work, large numbers of livestock and high
predator pressure the young dogs have enough work, space, and stimulation to
keep them busy and occupied. Other, older dogs will help loosen a hyper
attachment to each other, and a very clear pack hierarchy provides some
stability to these adolescents. Having two LGD pups in this situation is not
usually a big issue as these dogs can move away from each other and they are
not forced to interact constantly with each other. They can become more
independent of one another. On larger, or more traditional type of sheep
operation there is usually a shepherd who can supervise the dogs for the most
part during the day and it is the shepherd who will take control if it appears
these young dogs are getting into trouble. On bigger operations, pups can be
raised separately if needed, as there are often multiple flocks. I can separate
young dogs between the main ewe flock, or with the rams and sometimes with the
cattle. I have the space, facilities, and work to be able to raise two LGD
effectively.<br />
<br />
In traditional shepherding countries, it is common to see multiple pups raised together,
more often than not, these pups, when a bit older (3-4 months) are kept chained
up or kennelled for the largest portion of the day. They can accompany the
shepherd provided they are not a nuisance. Any young pups that misbehave are
reprimanded quite harshly. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These pups do
not have free range access to each other, or the livestock, only when the
shepherd is around.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhfSfvajb-tTzf1rtBTr8BnBbuSs5dqS-zJn_q3u57SLcFTsM16iGTTlFr7ELIudjTT9bXEuBYsI8f74su-C23STcEGnrAvttahI9zksvspBQ798b3wSrgMsKRT52El1yYdLw9Xl_2AAITidCu7E9-pPRDgjtEgkXRBD3ux5mC-OqM3mNAHUOXt5VvxBw=s4272" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4272" data-original-width="2848" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhfSfvajb-tTzf1rtBTr8BnBbuSs5dqS-zJn_q3u57SLcFTsM16iGTTlFr7ELIudjTT9bXEuBYsI8f74su-C23STcEGnrAvttahI9zksvspBQ798b3wSrgMsKRT52El1yYdLw9Xl_2AAITidCu7E9-pPRDgjtEgkXRBD3ux5mC-OqM3mNAHUOXt5VvxBw=w266-h400" width="266" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">Young pups are rarely left to just free-range; most shepherds do contain them either by kennelling or chaining.<br /><br /></span></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjpS3BJFHlwgcHeAq4UwnxwoJdpKp4YCFiCGe47hPjkDgGDEzmrBhqHeQOUPVz8QC__XS9IQgnogw1pUNn56n4SSSjZKlIDtpP2vzegxzU3FNe8TDYsl74-q6kjDh0PwAnWCdNrRZYvoo0elNuR_ZTkzKoZNYI3oKyw5jaF5vU2VKF1zzo3tdhz4oEbeQ=s4272" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2848" data-original-width="4272" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjpS3BJFHlwgcHeAq4UwnxwoJdpKp4YCFiCGe47hPjkDgGDEzmrBhqHeQOUPVz8QC__XS9IQgnogw1pUNn56n4SSSjZKlIDtpP2vzegxzU3FNe8TDYsl74-q6kjDh0PwAnWCdNrRZYvoo0elNuR_ZTkzKoZNYI3oKyw5jaF5vU2VKF1zzo3tdhz4oEbeQ=w400-h266" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: left;">Dogs on a tether. They are tethered until the shepherd heads out for a day of grazing.</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgQaZPE8WRrn7zinnGab6oogD0ru5k2wDfo1w7Onbx6ATjSsj7-iX7gRR5IEs-sUXtW3NtJ75rzqGS2EetH1d1A5e1Xcokgx-Cr1yml7sdM7FtPrd0ZZqub_6brh86d2Zg9tMeswlVjBhAt2YwU5coqnxgiDs-T16yHT-SyFUwzWEa2CwGfI4pm2PXt3g=s4272" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2848" data-original-width="4272" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgQaZPE8WRrn7zinnGab6oogD0ru5k2wDfo1w7Onbx6ATjSsj7-iX7gRR5IEs-sUXtW3NtJ75rzqGS2EetH1d1A5e1Xcokgx-Cr1yml7sdM7FtPrd0ZZqub_6brh86d2Zg9tMeswlVjBhAt2YwU5coqnxgiDs-T16yHT-SyFUwzWEa2CwGfI4pm2PXt3g=s320" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A young female, from a shepherd in Macedonia. Most young dogs are chained up until it is time for them to work.<br /><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal"> Alot of people are correct when saying that LGD can not or should not work
alone. Yes, having more than one does add an extra layer of protection for the
livestock and the dogs. It allows the dogs to have some rest and if one is
injured the flock is not left vulnerable. It takes time (years) to build a good
team of dogs, ideally the ages, and experience of the dogs is staggered.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is good to have more than one dog working on
sizeable operations, but on many smaller homesteads, one dog is often enough.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The hardest part with the having two LGD at the same time,
is the total lack of predictability in how things will evolve over time. It is like Russian Rolette, you may be lucky, but you may also not be. With two pups, it may work out really well or it may be lots of vet bills, injured dogs and long term separation due to the fighting.<br /><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A few people have success with it, and even
more, end up with a train wreck. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
most important considerations should be is their enough work, space, and livestock
to raise two pups together? Are there facilities in place to be able to
separate the dogs and does the owner have experience/time to manage two pups
who might not be showing stellar behaviour around the livestock?<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /></p>Louise Liebenberghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05474938590034065595noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7481785061696705243.post-25485310254699839902021-12-08T19:33:00.007-08:002021-12-08T19:33:47.804-08:00Attitudes toward LGD<p><br /></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi1Z3AFotyVYE6K3VKnwmwVAJk5R3lX-uPn-0mAzRQGDqgH43klgq2kt_cixfCAjJFH9_34N_Dy6V2B03SngKrNvPcZy1pYHGuKh4THAqogkldHfpAnPXZ6o93J5QRwwzWeslmUwdPDZVcPnCuTfMcWfYLaytvYT5E8bEB8cyXlk5kL_FiHKDFsAPEpUg=s2048" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1365" data-original-width="2048" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi1Z3AFotyVYE6K3VKnwmwVAJk5R3lX-uPn-0mAzRQGDqgH43klgq2kt_cixfCAjJFH9_34N_Dy6V2B03SngKrNvPcZy1pYHGuKh4THAqogkldHfpAnPXZ6o93J5QRwwzWeslmUwdPDZVcPnCuTfMcWfYLaytvYT5E8bEB8cyXlk5kL_FiHKDFsAPEpUg=w400-h266" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">A shepherd heading out with his goat herd for grazing in an area in Portugal that has a high wolf population. This dog was provided to him through a wolf conservation organization. They supplied the dog, feed, veterinary care, and ongoing education on using LGD to mitigate conflicts between livestock and wolves.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><p class="MsoNormal"><b>Attitudes toward LGD</b><br /><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">©</span>Louise Liebenberg (2021)<br />Written for The Shepherds Magazine<br />
<br />
It is interesting to see how attitudes vary regarding using livestock guardian
dogs (LGD) to protect livestock against predators. For me, it was simple, I am
passionate about my ranch and all the animals on it, I appreciate all the
wildlife we have, and I like dogs, so I saw the use of LGDs as a benefit, and
positive addition to the ranch. However, not everyone shares this view, it is
interesting to look at these attitudes and what affects them.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">In countries where the use of LGD is still a strong
tradition, the attitude toward LGD is positive and there is high acceptance of them
by local people. These shepherds understand that LGD and sheep belong together,
in many instances the shepherds are proud and positive about their LGD. In many
of these countries it is tradition celebrate the use of LGD. In Turkey, a Sivas
Kangal festival is held to honour these dogs. In Macedonia, tribute is paid to
the Sarplaninac dog by having an image of the dog on a coin and in some
countries, where the dogs protect the sheep from wolves, the dogs are adjourned
with flowers and paraded through the local villages.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjbkWdS3lLCYWSQAZUvRqxL1u6rgACb_go0ceAODWEZfkUQdpK96LuignA-e6tGd683NZTkymlKT_jS3JoD3C7L4CBEOu0hocYhVzhEanw4dy7qMP8W9HCqHS46BDxH2K0yEmzXVQs8Bw3pgZfmzc7D1RK8maLblm82Lv7YwwsCyqzdABRQWQtSOeWdVA=s2048" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1365" data-original-width="2048" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjbkWdS3lLCYWSQAZUvRqxL1u6rgACb_go0ceAODWEZfkUQdpK96LuignA-e6tGd683NZTkymlKT_jS3JoD3C7L4CBEOu0hocYhVzhEanw4dy7qMP8W9HCqHS46BDxH2K0yEmzXVQs8Bw3pgZfmzc7D1RK8maLblm82Lv7YwwsCyqzdABRQWQtSOeWdVA=w400-h266" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p class="MsoNormal">In regions where the wolf has long been extirpated and now
making a comeback, the attitudes are less positive. Many ranchers and shepherds
I have spoken to, feel that using LGD has been forced upon them due to wolf
reintroductions or through “rewilding” programs. They view the use of LGD as
tedious requiring additional management practices and a higher cost on their
livestock operations. Some shepherds feel that by using LGD, implies acceptance
of wolf reintroduction, a “giving in” to government pressure. Some people question
why do they need to invest in LGD, and their training, to keep the livestock
safe when the government is initiating this reintroduction? <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Not using LGD, it is a form of resistance to these
Government programs, rather than an actual negative attitude toward LGD.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Some shepherds feel they can “show” how disastrous
wolf reintroduction is, by having higher losses from predators by not taking
measures to protect their flocks. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It can
be used as a lobbying point for higher compensation payouts, both for livestock
deaths, as well as the additional costs of using LGD. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Many of these ranchers and shepherds feel that
using LGD sends a message of compliance to the reintroduction or protection of
wolves and other predator species.<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]-->
<!--[endif]--><span style="color: red;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEghDg7dNs1etAqlaMDcKMo8r0_11HQuSst9DboRxMvQa-bPGY40gDyb_HhCTl5pc1SCJwHFlUreyvXpbI-rG-qpP50lMtu9Pgt8udb3OK5ZcZ34NyWsjVaZiQAKBZUrFAql7KJIB1Tsa0kgXdNi5W7bzZe0gtEVPw4QbilXqTYCZuS98iBsxYC4BIxWBg=s2048" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1365" data-original-width="2048" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEghDg7dNs1etAqlaMDcKMo8r0_11HQuSst9DboRxMvQa-bPGY40gDyb_HhCTl5pc1SCJwHFlUreyvXpbI-rG-qpP50lMtu9Pgt8udb3OK5ZcZ34NyWsjVaZiQAKBZUrFAql7KJIB1Tsa0kgXdNi5W7bzZe0gtEVPw4QbilXqTYCZuS98iBsxYC4BIxWBg=w400-h266" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p class="MsoNormal">There is no historical tradition for using LGD in the United
Kingdom (UK), yet they do have a long history for breeding very talented
herding dogs. The border collie is the main “sheepdog” in the UK. There is no
tradition to using LGD and many shepherds find the concept of having a very
large dog living in among the sheep alarming.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>In the UK, most shepherds have a very negative attitude about (pet) dogs
in amongst their sheep due to them chasing and worrying them. The shepherds in
the UK understand that border collies (or other herding dogs) cannot just be
left unattended with sheep, as this can result in death and injury to them. As public
walking paths can, and do, criss-cross through farmers fields, a lot of sheep
deaths are caused by the general public’s dogs getting off leash and end up
chasing, harassing, and killing sheep. It is an offence to allow a dog to worry
sheep in the UK and has been drummed into the public’s head that dogs and sheep
do not go together free, in a pasture. I have spoken to many British sheep
farmers and the idea of a LGD living in with the sheep full time is concerning
for them. It would take a lot of education and perhaps many years to have any
kind of acceptance for LGD to be working with sheep flocks. A secondary issue
would be the potential for conflict between LGD and the public. As walkers do
have free access to farmers land, having a LGD free in with the livestock might
create issues with the LGD being aggressive towards walkers and their pets.
There is no culture in the UK for using LGD, so many shepherds generally have
an attitude that LGD cannot and will not work in their situation. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A similar situation exists in Switzerland with
public access to walking trails and the potential for conflict between the
hikers and LGD. Signposts and videos on how to behave are being promoted by the
government to help educate the public.<br />
<br />
When I lived in the Netherlands, we had our LGD in with the livestock to
primarily protect the sheep against people’s loose pet dogs. We lost over 24
adult sheep in one night, a pair of dogs got free and started “playing” with
the sheep. This prompted us to look at using LGD to provide protection for the
sheep. At that time, the largest wild predator in the Netherlands were foxes.
The biggest predator issue was caused by pet dogs. We were one of the first
shepherds to use LGD with our flocks. Getting our first LGD caused quite a
stir, as we left our LGD “unattended” in the pasture with the sheep. This was
regarded as a form of abandonment by the local authorities. No amount of
convincing on our part could persuade them that LGD and sheep need to live in
the same pasture. It ended up with us having to take the dog home at night, not
an ideal situation. Since those initial years, wolves have drifted back into
the Netherlands and some shepherds are now looking to using LGD to protect
their flocks from these wolves. Concerns around public opinions, barking and
potential aggressiveness will need to be addressed in the Netherlands before
LGD will truly be accepted as a tool to mitigate conflict between predators and
livestock. <br />
<br />
The attitudes towards LGD varies among conservationists, some feel that having
large dogs in with the livestock will have a negative affect on non- predator
wildlife species, causing disruptions in their behaviour and potential
harassment of deer, elk, and other animals. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Some conservationists feel that LGD affect the
natural behaviour of predators and that is unacceptable to them. Research has
shown that this is true, LGD do affect how predators behave and react around
flocks that are guarded by dogs. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Other
people have voiced their concerns as to the claim that LGD are an effective “non-lethal”
mitigation tool to livestock and predator conflict, as a LGD will kill a coyote
or other small predators if they can catch them. Although it is not very common
that LGD kill predators, it certainly does happen, most times the dogs interfere
with hunting patterns and push predators further away from the flock without
the need to actively engage predators in a fight. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The “non-lethal” only applies to the owner not
killing the predators, not the dogs! Many conservationists do however see that
using LGD is a way to directly reduce conflict between predators and livestock,
many are willing to assist in implementing the use of LGD within flocks. Some
groups go as far as providing LGD to shepherds, educational programs, and
support. In Canada in the province of Saskatchewan, sheep keepers can apply for
a grant to purchase a LGD puppy as the Government feels that using LGD is a
sound method to help prevent predation.<br />
</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiKXQV8Crivx1q0cMygQrMPblUUJ3Ne4yW3I8Bu_sp4k50fc_ZJu8x_1FaXd_4rvSoXZ3TMdzCbePNj7nBSAh9tl6cSYREp7_Xq423AtoKFXXP_JNvn1aIAeuf-Qr8JRoihzKsASiD4N1KwzdkHVqXoY6v6jyk59lp3q9QU--BvLeY8GIhWR1ZTYmnYCg=s2048" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1365" data-original-width="2048" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiKXQV8Crivx1q0cMygQrMPblUUJ3Ne4yW3I8Bu_sp4k50fc_ZJu8x_1FaXd_4rvSoXZ3TMdzCbePNj7nBSAh9tl6cSYREp7_Xq423AtoKFXXP_JNvn1aIAeuf-Qr8JRoihzKsASiD4N1KwzdkHVqXoY6v6jyk59lp3q9QU--BvLeY8GIhWR1ZTYmnYCg=w400-h266" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">The acceptance of LGD in traditional shepherding areas is high. This shepherd walks his goats and LGD through the village to their grazing area every day in Portugal. Neighbors do not complain about this as it is accepted by the community.<br /><br /></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjU1pfMhH7WHLNWVFyLas0TTB_VsYHbWW2h5AGUCG62VeQY4ixeTskduERrK37K7o1RT3xIbAv7f1BBwvDlw0Q8M7Q8gJNbLlzv2EqqgJA3Q716C8Hs03hH0nRWGxF_RxC457mPb_Edy-T-NNQVQgYwAFKAH19DnFq3U0C9UNzCcJU5Q5aNoGzDodWSHQ=s2048" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1365" data-original-width="2048" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjU1pfMhH7WHLNWVFyLas0TTB_VsYHbWW2h5AGUCG62VeQY4ixeTskduERrK37K7o1RT3xIbAv7f1BBwvDlw0Q8M7Q8gJNbLlzv2EqqgJA3Q716C8Hs03hH0nRWGxF_RxC457mPb_Edy-T-NNQVQgYwAFKAH19DnFq3U0C9UNzCcJU5Q5aNoGzDodWSHQ=w400-h266" width="400" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal">
In many countries including Africa, USA and even traditional LGD regions, the
general satisfaction for using LGD is very high. Shepherds value having LGD in
their program and do see the benefit of reduced losses, access to grazing areas
that were potentially not useable due to predation and of course peace of
mind.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The attitude toward LGD can
fluctuate due to external factors such as changing polices regarding wildlife,
livestock prices, fluctuations in markets and long term, sustained predation of
livestock. If the rancher cannot make a living with the livestock due to low
market pricing, every additional cost to the operation can be considered too
much. Investing in LGD, feeding and vet care are all additional expenses that
need to be carried by the livestock operation. <br />
Attitudes towards LGD are also very dependant on the level of effort required
to get a sound and reliable dog. People who have had LGD that have pulled wool
and bitten the livestock, tend to be a little more negative about the use of
LGD.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I have met people where the LGD has
caused the death of some of the livestock, and this has a dramatic effect on
the positivity towards the dog, and LGD in general. A lady I know, whose LGD
pulled wool<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and chewed some ears off the
lambs has decided not to use LGD, primarily due to the amount of work and the
risk it may pose to her livestock and has opted instead <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>to implement other methods such as fox-lights,
electric fencing and night penning to protect her stock.<br />
<br />
I believe the majority of ranchers, in a high predator areas, are positive
about using LGD. Many wildlife and conservation organizations also see the
benefit of finding ways to reduce conflict between predators and
livestock.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The biggest challenge might
ultimately be convincing the public (who feel that all dogs should “fur-babies”)
that using LGD and other working dogs, is not abusive or neglectful. <br />
</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiAUp3z0zlZnl8HgoAMxoK5VL6ys8yzgAg75usGMvMCGCk4zF5sxjsHQI30QHFrbzci5sVJWMznUQcInn88eK314IGr5WLW9kiyK9D3ZO60739l-gO2je0zb8AfiYdiDbwXVVK1xVVLGapzeUoDSLjy3Pm0ZYaQmjVAf57yqcXs_mkSLLDjGWdXlvSYTw=s2048" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1368" data-original-width="2048" height="268" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiAUp3z0zlZnl8HgoAMxoK5VL6ys8yzgAg75usGMvMCGCk4zF5sxjsHQI30QHFrbzci5sVJWMznUQcInn88eK314IGr5WLW9kiyK9D3ZO60739l-gO2je0zb8AfiYdiDbwXVVK1xVVLGapzeUoDSLjy3Pm0ZYaQmjVAf57yqcXs_mkSLLDjGWdXlvSYTw=w400-h268" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">Two LGD leading the way for the flock to the night corral in northern Alberta. The dogs allow for sheep to graze pastures further away from home that would otherwise not be available for the sheep to use.<br /><br /></span></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p>Louise Liebenberghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05474938590034065595noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7481785061696705243.post-75107563924583299962021-10-06T11:34:00.006-07:002021-10-06T11:34:57.249-07:00Introducing a new LGD puppy<p> </p><br /><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaesxL9uTJrfEfJmZZZpR6sx2VOSi8dCJtWk6JEUMcibqO2VcanVVje-xXSbTz4jN3xP8wgjTwO6j7MvqYUEHxQtVRk4rkZASJBoJmkqleNuH1qyFDOMgYzAV8MnzSEgXZR9GFiD-_FzOo/s2048/201203122+puppies+035.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1365" data-original-width="2048" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaesxL9uTJrfEfJmZZZpR6sx2VOSi8dCJtWk6JEUMcibqO2VcanVVje-xXSbTz4jN3xP8wgjTwO6j7MvqYUEHxQtVRk4rkZASJBoJmkqleNuH1qyFDOMgYzAV8MnzSEgXZR9GFiD-_FzOo/s320/201203122+puppies+035.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">The submissive behaviour of the pup is clear. The pup has its ears drawn back, licking behaviour around the mouth, low body posture and low tail. It is a bit harder to see but the eyes of the pup have a soft and friendly expression. The older female is calm, ignoring but her attitude is gentle towards the pup. These are all good signs.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><br /><p><b>How to introduce a new LGD puppy into an existing pack of
LGD</b></p><p class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">©</span>Louise
Liebenberg (2021)<br />Written for The Shepherds Magazine<br />
<br />
I have in a previous article discussed how Livestock Guardian Dogs (LGD) and
other farm or ranch dogs interact together, in this article I would like to
focus more specifically on the introduction of a new LGD, pup, into an existing
group of LGD.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Introducing a new LGD puppy between the ages of 8 to 12
weeks, usually goes without too many problems provided, the existing dogs
demonstrate normal dog behaviour. Most dogs will willingly accept a new puppy
into the pack. Older males will often display a certain level of uninterest
after the first introductions. An older female can show a little more
disciplinarian types of behaviours. If the puppy irritates her, she will most
likely snap, growl, “hold” the muzzle of the pup or roll the puppy. It is often
a lot of noise, but little harm is done. The pup will howl and whimper and do
as if he is seriously injured. In most cases, it is just his ego that is put
out. A younger male is generally the most sociable to a new pup and will often
display a lot of enthusiasm and play behaviour towards the pup. Younger males
make excellent companions for pups. Females can be a little bitchier than their
male counter part, but usually will also engage a little more with the pup.<br />
<br />
Some pups can be totally overwhelmed when meeting new dogs. These pups can
sometimes show defensive behaviour, growling when another dog approaches them. Care
must be taken with these pups that the older dogs do not react negatively
towards them because of this. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is a
good idea to let the pup settle in, rest, eat and relax a bit before
introducing them to the other ranch dogs. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Waiting a few days might not be a bad idea. These
pups often react poorly simply because they are stressed from being separated
from littermates and travelling to a new place. The change of livestock can also
be a stressor, take things slowly and ensure he or she is placed in with kind
ewes so that the pup does not get hurt by the livestock, most working raised
pups will be happy to be with the sheep. An indirect way to start introducing
the new pup is through scent. The scent of the pup will be on you, so when you
feed and interact with the other dogs, they will start “knowing” the pup
through its scent being on you.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">It is easier to introduce an 8-week-old pup to the existing
pack than it is an 8-month-old. Older pups can be rather rambunctious, and some
may react a little more aggressively towards the established dogs. Reading the
behaviour of these older pups is essential during introductions. If it looks
like he may react aggressively it might be a good idea to first let him meet an
opposite-sex dog first. You really want to avoid any form of conflict during
the introductions as that could set things off on the wrong foot. Dogs do hold
grudges, and if things go wrong initially it might be awfully hard to convince
either dog to get along. <br />
</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjemTyIHI0X3AYey_v-drxWTgUyxRVw5XN9UdekWm1gZ4LkpQqjFXIVSAutsCbNS5pj6X8SKG9l1RK5AEuNbl5fC72TuWlWqoeQHACB0LlPnzUz6vwI6eEttly_8prvHIH2TpK1NoKAa7v1/s2048/IMG_9485.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1365" data-original-width="2048" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjemTyIHI0X3AYey_v-drxWTgUyxRVw5XN9UdekWm1gZ4LkpQqjFXIVSAutsCbNS5pj6X8SKG9l1RK5AEuNbl5fC72TuWlWqoeQHACB0LlPnzUz6vwI6eEttly_8prvHIH2TpK1NoKAa7v1/s320/IMG_9485.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">This is a fence line meeting. Both the pup and the adult male are showing relaxed behaviour and they want to hang out together, as both are in the same corner. The male shows some interest, and the pup is calm. I would have no concerns placing these two together at this point.<br /><br /></span></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal">
Observe the body language to judge how acceptive your LGD are of the puppy. If
your adult is showing friendly and curious behaviour you would expect to see a
relaxed posture, slow tail wagging, a higher tail set, butt sniffing and even
some invitation to play, like a play bow. These signs tell you that the adult
is happy to meet the pup and it will be okay to let them interact. If the adult
dog is showing more hostile behaviour such as ears pulled back, rigid body,
tenseness, growling, snarling, stiff legged walking, lip lifting, hackles
raised you really want to be careful as anything could trigger this adult to
attack the puppy. Take introductions to this adult very slowly and carefully. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Behaviours the young pup might display when meeting new
adults are generally submissive in nature, low tail wagging, rolling over onto
back, some mouth licking, crawling and low to the ground, tail between their
legs and urinating. These are good signs as it shows that the pup knows how to
respond correctly to strange dogs. He is being submissive and respectful, and
every normal adult dog will not harm a pup that is displaying these behaviours.
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The safest way to introduce the new pup is to allow them to
meet on neutral ground. Dropping the pup off in the pasture the resident LGD
lives in, can be a little intrusive. Try introducing them in a field where
there are no sheep, toys, or a shelter that the resident dog might feel the
need to guard. Some older dogs can be very territorial so meeting at a fence
line can result in the older dog wanting to guard his area, similarly, a dog
who is tethered can be are very protective of their space. If you do fence line
introductions take both to a neutral area for the initial introductions.<br />
<br />
Keep the pup (and the resident LGD) on a lead, set the pup down outside the
fence and just observe both dog’s behaviour. If both show curiosity, and
friendly then bring the pup into the field where they can engage in butt
sniffing and other social meeting behaviours. Ensure someone is with you to
keep control over the adult, “just in case” things do not go well, this way you
can control the interaction. Be aware of your own role in these interactions as
you might be the trigger to cause some tension. The resident dog might feel
some jealousy towards the pup, or attention seeking behaviour could be a reason
for stress. Try and remain very calm and neutral and just observe what is going
on. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For the most part these meet and
greets do go well.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLDC7Aro4Whd49s512nHRKPP-Qsv2PTDiwy1hACa5neN9Xx4EB6Ikw6nJ7rOXv9QJ2JZv5L6BNodYShDNSnoFgvVpiGQyihbkuOeZqLI7E9aHnNMxiROBA7-MRKTcVR1x9vKubt8YtwVwC/s2048/20130509+spring+dogs+065.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1365" data-original-width="2048" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLDC7Aro4Whd49s512nHRKPP-Qsv2PTDiwy1hACa5neN9Xx4EB6Ikw6nJ7rOXv9QJ2JZv5L6BNodYShDNSnoFgvVpiGQyihbkuOeZqLI7E9aHnNMxiROBA7-MRKTcVR1x9vKubt8YtwVwC/s320/20130509+spring+dogs+065.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">An adolescent LGD meeting a mature dog in our LGD team. You can clearly see the submissive behaviour of the younger dog to the right, low body posture, tail low, sniffing/licking around the mouth. The older dog has her tail raised, but her body language is not aggressive. The younger dog is showing deference to the older dog.<br /><br /></span></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal">
<br />
You can expect the older dog to possibly growl at the pup or show some dominant
behaviour toward the pup, however it should not be threatening. An older dog
will very quickly place boundaries on a new pup which is not a bad thing. Reading
the dog’s behaviour is important to know when the adult dog is being aggressive
and can harm the pup, or when it is more corrective and simply warning the pup.
<br />
Most dogs work out their social ranking quickly and learn how to interact in a
positive way. I have found with my own dogs that they are very tolerant of a pup;
however they will reprimand a pup for being overly enthusiastic, irritating,
obnoxious and not being mindful of their space and food. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">I feel that most of these introductions go well provided
both pup and adult dogs are well adjusted and show normal dog behaviour. Small
things like taking out food, bones, and toys to reduce the potential of
conflict is always a good thing to do.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I
have a safe puppy kennel in the pasture so when I am not around to supervise
these interactions and to ensure the safety of the young pup, I will place the
pup in the kennel. Here the pup can eat, sleep, and still see what is happening
in the pasture and be in contact with the other dogs. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">While some dogs delight in welcoming a pup into the house, other
adult dogs do not open the "welcome wagon". If the adult dog is not
friendly, introductions might need to take longer, particularly on neutral
ground and on a lead. Sometimes the older dog needs a few more weeks to warm up
to the pup and that is okay. If the adult does not accept the pup within a few
weeks, while the pup shows good behaviour, the adult dog may have some
behavioural issues that could make it hard to have more dogs working with it.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">I think the key to good introductions depends a lot on the
owner’s capability to read dog body language, to remain calm and to not make a
big deal of it. I have expectations of my own dogs to accept my working border
collies, any new LGD pups I add into the pack, to accept new livestock or even
a different species of livestock. My LGD are expected to behave in a normal and
natural way and if they do not, I will step in a reprimand or correct unwanted
behaviour. <br />
</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlrvuodLe2akYupAMZtiIQh6A7WB4UhfOK7K4SXL0xP5JZf0ut0o21mLb6HmDqaGnE2eyKutiqYQNB5D_vzt9T6YbVrhEHFF77rC7tH4OFtRte8MsK5hboQcdyWsrjiSRtUMjJ5s0ZZyQm/s2048/20130925+puppies+6+weeks+158.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1365" data-original-width="2048" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlrvuodLe2akYupAMZtiIQh6A7WB4UhfOK7K4SXL0xP5JZf0ut0o21mLb6HmDqaGnE2eyKutiqYQNB5D_vzt9T6YbVrhEHFF77rC7tH4OFtRte8MsK5hboQcdyWsrjiSRtUMjJ5s0ZZyQm/s320/20130925+puppies+6+weeks+158.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">This is a fence line meeting. Both the pup and the adult male are showing relaxed behaviour and they want to hang out together, as both are in the same corner. The male shows some interest, and the pup is calm. I would have no concerns placing these two together at this point.<br /><br /></span></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal">
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></p>Louise Liebenberghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05474938590034065595noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7481785061696705243.post-27773388585216086682021-08-13T09:35:00.010-07:002021-08-13T10:02:26.472-07:00What LGD breed is best for my situation?<p style="text-align: left;"> </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhd8x5KDkQP1l1344sAZxSOULqI3QoQWFk3Vqdl7-ZJTqHmwonFVHjuRlRnOT90iVh6R-oT8_xOULMQBvYpgapGJCoxjdYpDpE-h1Z-wubpf5gTUnqPYfEEtk0ON0kNHL7Gbp8j1OKCAxBK/s2048/IMG_8263.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1365" data-original-width="2048" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhd8x5KDkQP1l1344sAZxSOULqI3QoQWFk3Vqdl7-ZJTqHmwonFVHjuRlRnOT90iVh6R-oT8_xOULMQBvYpgapGJCoxjdYpDpE-h1Z-wubpf5gTUnqPYfEEtk0ON0kNHL7Gbp8j1OKCAxBK/w400-h266/IMG_8263.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">A shorted coated Estrella working in Portugal. The Estrella also comes in a long-coated version.<br /><br /></span></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>What LGD breed is best for my situation?</b><br /><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;">©</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Louise
Liebenberg (2021)<br /></span>Written for <a href="http://www.theshepherdmagazine.com/">The Shepherds Magazine<br /></a><br /><br />
<!--[endif]--></span> With over forty different breeds of Livestock Guardian Dog (LGD) breeds, a
common question is what breed would work well for a specific situation. Often,
the responses are as simple as “I love my … (breed name)”. Rarely do people
explain what makes “their” breed unique or why they chose them. Over the past four decades, several
researchers have tried to establish which breed is the best. Coppinger and his
colleagues compared Anatolian, Maremma, Sarplaninac and, crosses between these
breeds. More recently, Daniel Kinka and Julie Young compared Kangals,
Karakachan, Transmontanos and White Dogs (a generic name for a cross of white
LGD often found in the USA). The
conclusion from their study was that most of the breeds are more like each
other, than different (in regard to working style). This should not be a huge
surprise as all LGD have the same job to do and it makes sense that these
breeds would be similar in how they respond to predators.<br />
</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnYfSQDwiT5MeOYVGj8tNIoCaIglB3lv8-jdtw6-51fnPN7-ftLNe6tw5gG7YiPrezcgWp_XDt2rf99eZreiPt7DamXxLjHcnr-FCzUz7ILt_7cQu_1kxu-5uZevim09G5Wtosogv2I842/s1882/20140201+dawson+creek+042.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1882" data-original-width="1255" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnYfSQDwiT5MeOYVGj8tNIoCaIglB3lv8-jdtw6-51fnPN7-ftLNe6tw5gG7YiPrezcgWp_XDt2rf99eZreiPt7DamXxLjHcnr-FCzUz7ILt_7cQu_1kxu-5uZevim09G5Wtosogv2I842/w266-h400/20140201+dawson+creek+042.jpg" width="266" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">The athletic and reliable Turkish Akbash working on a sheep ranch in Northern British Columbia, Canada.<br /><br /></span></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal">
It is also hard to compare breeds as every working situation is unique, the
predators that the dog is expected to protect from, can range from raccoons and
weasels to bears and wolves. Even the pressure that certain predators place on
the flock varies, in some region’s wolves are thick and in other regions there
may be none. How flocks are managed can affect how the work of the dogs is perceived.
Owner bias makes comparing breeds difficult as each person will value different
traits, temperaments, and abilities all within their own reference point. Sometimes,
the lack of good statistical data can get in the way of fair comparisons, if
you are studying a population of thousands of dogs, the data will generally be
more accurate than if you are studying just a handful of dogs. An example of
this is the Great Pyrenees (GP). The GP is often associated with roaming,
however there are probably more GP and GP crosses than any other LGD in North
America. Yes, these might roam more, simply because there are so many more GP
around.</p><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUtaYUJyUg_DOWQGhzKdMe89pn9GiAaeDxJOe-AhKuz5AbYlas7bSO9m9CkMGLDw3sJNn4Y-BmV_EXyvZL-RPe4RC0SIH-nVcNYL-bZpOYkYbBkYlIPO5r6ef0dwQFaqZijTqFXIf8rJex/s2048/PCS_+1a+Beli+with+sheep.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1190" data-original-width="2048" height="233" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUtaYUJyUg_DOWQGhzKdMe89pn9GiAaeDxJOe-AhKuz5AbYlas7bSO9m9CkMGLDw3sJNn4Y-BmV_EXyvZL-RPe4RC0SIH-nVcNYL-bZpOYkYbBkYlIPO5r6ef0dwQFaqZijTqFXIf8rJex/w400-h233/PCS_+1a+Beli+with+sheep.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">A white Sarplaninac working in Northern Alberta, Canada on a sheep and cattle ranch.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal">
Gross generalizations about breeds are of course, not really the “right” thing
to do, for every generalization, hundreds of exceptions will be found. In some
instances, there might be more variance between individuals within a breed than
between different breeds. However, most people still like to know some of these
generalizations, to be able to narrow down which breed might suit their
situation best. I know making such a comparison is “treading on thin ice” as
some people might feel their breed is being misrepresented. My advice to people
looking for LGD is to meet breeders, talk to fellow livestock owners and visit
with various dogs. The breeder might ultimately, be more important than the breed itself, as it is the breeder who can help and mentor you while learning to work with
LGD.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">I do believe, it is primarily, the wolf, that has shaped the
behavior and temperament of our LGD, and this can be reflected in the
reactivity and aggression level in LGD. The first gross generalization I will
make is; if you look at the map of Europe and move from west to east, the
breeds tend to get harder the further East you go. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Why would this be? Perhaps it has to do with
the number of years that the wolf has been extirpated in certain countries. Wolves
were officially declared extinct in France in the 1930s. It is only since the
1990’s that wolves have really started drifting from Italy back into the French
Pyrenean Mountains. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Before this, few Great
Pyrenees dogs had seen or faced a wolf for many generations in their home
country. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>With no need for the GP to be aggressive
toward wolves for close to 60 years, perhaps this led to selection of milder
natured dogs who display high nurturing traits as opposed to high aggression
traits. Italy has been a stronghold for wolves in Europe when many other
countries had extirpated them. Regions where wolves have always existed,
shepherds have always worked with their Maremmano-Abruzzese Sheepdogs. The “Maremma”
would rate higher for protectiveness simply due to the ongoing selection for
dogs to be able to work in wolf territory. Russia and central Asia has a large
population of wolves (wolves were never extirpated here) and is home of the
Ovcharkas. Breeds that are large, powerful, and regarded as high aggression
breeds. Predator density plays a big role in the selection of aggression and
ferocity in LGD. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">People asking which breed would work best for them, often
have a list of criteria for the future LGD, these can include no roaming, barking
or must be super friendly to visitors and tolerant of dogs. It really does need
to be mentioned that all LGD like to roam and expand their territory. All LGD
bark, that is part of their working strategy. Incessant barking is often found
in immature dogs. Friendliness to strangers can be encouraged through more
intensive socialization, however some breeds are naturally more standoffish. As
for tolerance towards visitors’ dogs, it is unfair to expect the LGD to be
tolerant to strange dogs and yet protect again canine predators.<o:p></o:p></p>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtDmWwpc-Bq1VRfahC-utdRjbnGcnMBhr_YqMQQqYi4uNiBf_k-_fT9gwuXvazBmXkj-5GBWX0woonvwOCcrXowsH17N9GdFvKtWaPSH1TnM3DwxuPsj1LQfiMcsnSmgMf3KaYX8uMGL0d/s2048/IMG_8188.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1365" data-original-width="2048" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtDmWwpc-Bq1VRfahC-utdRjbnGcnMBhr_YqMQQqYi4uNiBf_k-_fT9gwuXvazBmXkj-5GBWX0woonvwOCcrXowsH17N9GdFvKtWaPSH1TnM3DwxuPsj1LQfiMcsnSmgMf3KaYX8uMGL0d/w400-h266/IMG_8188.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">A pair of working Sarplaninac dogs guarding goats in the mountains of Macedonia.</span><br style="text-align: left;" /></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal">I am going to make some broad comparisons, as this may help
people narrow down certain criteria that people starting with LGD might find
handy. I will also include the common abbreviations for the breed names as I go
along. I think ideal LGD to start with, are those breeds that have been used
for many years in North America. I have selected the more common breeds for
this overview and breeds I have some experience with.<br />
<br />
Good breeds for the inexperienced homes or ones looking for an easier going
temperament may include Great Pyrenees (GP), Maremma, Akbash, Anatolian
Shepherd Dog (ASD) and Spanish Mastiff (SM). Breeds that are sharper in nature
and possibly better suited to high predator areas would include:<br />
Kangal, Central Asian Shepherd (CAS), Sarplaninac (Sar or Shar), Karakachan, or
Kommondor (Kom).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This does not rule out
the easier breeds cannot work in high predator areas, I know many that function well;
however their temperaments are perhaps a bit easier to get along with.<br />
<br />
Breeds better suited for warmer climates: most LGD breeds are double coated
however some have a shorter length coat. These would include Akbash, short-coated
Estrela Mountain Dog (Estrela), Kangal, ASD and CAS.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Longer coated breeds include the Maremma, GP,
Sarplaninac, Karakachan. Corded coat is the Komondor and will require a lot of
coat maintenance.<br /><br />
Athleticism or breeds that need to cover larger areas. These breeds are often
found in Europe and Asia on the more steppe type landscapes include the Akbash,
Kangal, ASD some Maremma and CAS. The mountain types are often heavier coated
breeds and more stout body types. These would include the Great Pyrenees,
Sarplaninac, some Maremma and Karakachan.<br />
Depending on lines the Spanish Mastiff can vary from big and heavy, to sleek
working types. Some breeds have such variance a lot will depend on what each breeder
selects for. Some are described as “show type” vs working type.<br />
<br />
Coppinger in his studies talked about trustworthiness and compared some breeds
for this trait. I think some breeds may require more supervision and guidance
as young dogs. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Breeds that may be easier
to start and that have a high trustworthiness can include the GP, Maremma, ASD
and Akbash. Breeds that may require more supervision may include the Sarplaninac,
the Kangal, CAS and some Maremma, as they are late maturing and this may lead
to some more extended play periods, <br />
<br />
Certain breeds are more driven to run down and chase predators while others are
content to bark and warn predators away. The more driven breeds would include
the Kangal, CAS, Sarplaninac, while the ones possibly more content to stay
around closer to the flock would include the GP, Maremma, Karakachan, the
Estrella, SM and Akbash.<br />
<br />
Size, many people feel that to be an effective guardian dog working with apex
predators, they must be large. Size is not so much an issue, I believe
character, determination and a certain degree of aggressiveness is what makes
the difference. Some breeds are just more willing to fight and are naturally
more aggressive than others. Large sized breeds are SM, Caucasian Ovcharka and
CAS.<br />
Medium sized breeds include Maremma, Estrella, Karakachan, Sarplaninac and
Great Pyrenees. Tall breeds include Kangal, ASD and Akbash.</p><p class="MsoNormal">
Some people only want white LGD, this will limit the breeds to chose from to
Kuvasz, Polish Tatra Kommondor, GP and Maremma. Many LGD are coloured.<br />
<br />
Availability is often an issue. The CO is regarded as a high aggression breed,
but it is virtually impossible to find good, working CO. Most are bred for show
or as guard dogs for pet homes and very few are bred in North America as LGD.
Similarly, with the Sarplaninac. Most Sarplaninac imported to the USA are from show
breeders and for many generations have not been used as LGD. The Sarplaninac
and many of the other breeds, have also been used for dog fighting in their
home country, breeding selection has been based on dog fighting. Many of these
dogs fail as working LGDs, simply because they do not posses the traits of nurturing,
calmness, and attentiveness towards the livestock.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Each breed brings a unique balance of “skills” to the
proverbial table, and to the discerning buyer, the right breed for their
situation is “out there”. Some ranchers like to use a combination of breeds,
the feel this maximizes effectiveness whereas I feel each breed has the
capabilities to fulfill<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>all the roles
required to protect the flock.<br />
</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div>Louise Liebenberghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05474938590034065595noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7481785061696705243.post-89294130235466725242021-05-28T15:50:00.007-07:002021-05-28T15:50:58.941-07:00Why are some breeds simply not LGD<p> <br /><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJcLOcBbD029k5yyvD1v6ELs_xAOFTz1dbUCZyhKvrzQiYZdG6p1U_rjiZfZirX7WLtjsCecjjflXFRPEOh3g-9IVzgWvgLx1iSmUG0kiPPneMNFTK9SP_gwvemi92_wnzLdr_IlQLKiGG/s2048/20131217+sheep+and+dogs+120.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1365" data-original-width="2048" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJcLOcBbD029k5yyvD1v6ELs_xAOFTz1dbUCZyhKvrzQiYZdG6p1U_rjiZfZirX7WLtjsCecjjflXFRPEOh3g-9IVzgWvgLx1iSmUG0kiPPneMNFTK9SP_gwvemi92_wnzLdr_IlQLKiGG/w400-h266/20131217+sheep+and+dogs+120.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal"><b>Why are some breeds simply not LGD?</b><br /><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">©</span>Louise Liebenberg (2021)<br />Written for The Shepherds Magazine<br />
<br />
It must be in the air lately, but the last few weeks I have spent a
disproportionate amount of time explaining to people that their Cane Corso,
Elkhound, Wolfhound and Boerbull are not livestock guardian dogs (LGD). So,
perhaps an article about this topic is due and then instead of having the same
discussion over and over I can share this article with my view on what is and
makes a Livestock Guardian dog and why other breeds are not LGD.<br />
<br />
I will start with some common statements about LGD.<br />
LGD are breeds that are used to protect livestock from predators. They live
with the herd or flock full time and are regarded as “part” of the flock of
animals. They work instinctually and are not “trained” to guard or attack
predators.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They are bonded to the
livestock and through this bond feel a strong attachment to these animals, they
feel compelled to protect them. LGD do not “herd” sheep but sheep do follow the
LGD and look to the guardian dog for safety.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Active herding like a border collie does, is not what LGD do. All LGD
share a similar methodology in how they work, and most share similar phenotypical
characteristics that make them suitable for the job. These physical characteristics
include size (most are large breed), lupine build, all except one, have a
double coat (even the shorter haired breeds), all have ears hanging down,
correct jaw and bite (no Brachycephalic head structure), all are loose and
thick skinned. LGD can be found across Europe and Asia in any area where sheep
are raised, sheep are mostly raised on marginal lands, high mountains, semi
dessert and rough land. Most European and Asian countries have their “own”
breed of LGD. They are the oldest type of “sheepdog”, earliest accounts go back
2000 years, LGD pre-date herding dogs and are as such the “original sheepdog”.
There are basically three types of sheepdog/shepherd dogs, the guardian, the
herding, and the droving dog. <br />
</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiE6k8wwKDeAvbI18OFhyOOLDHJJH2BDIXOJPi8jaXKsopNWrbflaj1PZ2vJy_hvg7fCRF1zNTuHvMn_dIZ5xeJNxLMvH4KS5CyZJidtPbe7ZXoWpVgmj_aU0NZZ3m3Swg09Fs5USAY1zxU/s2048/20140315+dogs+054A.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1365" data-original-width="2048" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiE6k8wwKDeAvbI18OFhyOOLDHJJH2BDIXOJPi8jaXKsopNWrbflaj1PZ2vJy_hvg7fCRF1zNTuHvMn_dIZ5xeJNxLMvH4KS5CyZJidtPbe7ZXoWpVgmj_aU0NZZ3m3Swg09Fs5USAY1zxU/w400-h266/20140315+dogs+054A.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;"><i>Simply co-existing with the livestock does not make a dog an LGD, it needs to have the innate traits of attentiveness, protectiveness and trustworthiness combined with the physical attributes to ensure it can do it job optimally.</i><br /><br /></span></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal">
In my opinion, certain breeds belong to the group of livestock guardian dogs,
but not every dog of that breed is a livestock guardian dog. The dog is only an
LGD, if he or she is out doing his job. If someone has a pet Great Pyrenees in
the suburbs, the dog is from the group of LGD but is not actually performing
the task of being an LGD. I would call that dog a GP, but not an LGD. The LGD
is a job description for a specific group of breeds. Within the groups of most
kennel clubs the Livestock Guardian Dog does not have its own group name and
can be found spread out among multiple groups, ranging from the Herding and
cattle dogs to the Mastiff types to Mountain types.<br />
<br />
When reading through breed standards of other breeds from the various kennel
clubs; America Kennel Club (AKC), United Kennel Club (UKC), and Fédération
Cynologique Internationale (FCI) much confusion is created with the use of
certain words and language. A lot is lost in translation and in some instances,
whoever wrote the breed standard obviously was not well versed in specific jobs
for dogs or humans. Traditionally, sheepdog refers to a guardian dog and not a
herding dog, however it has become synonymous now with a “dog used by a
shepherd”. The word sheepdog can now mean a breed that either herds, droves, or
guards the sheep.<br />
<br />
With the Sarplaninac, the breed English version of the breed standard
specifically notes that they are used in cattle operations, however, the
original meaning was lost in translation. The original word was “livestock” and
when translated into English became “cattle”. That Sarplaninac are used
primarily to guard sheep and goats in their home country and not cattle,
illustrates this translation flaw. Reading a breed standard does require some
critical thinking and understand the origin and exactly the type of job done by
the dog. Not all breed standards reflect the actual role the dogs played and for
the writers of the standards, many lack the specifics, using broad language to
describe a general role the dog might have had. Even now, some dogs may have
had a job as shepherd, but many have either lost their job or the work has
changed over time. Where the German Shepherd Dog was a herding breed it is now
primarily used as police dog and family guard dog. The selection criteria for
this breed has changed over time and one may be hard pressed to find an
original sheep herding GSD now days.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">There is a big difference between what a guard dog does and
a guardian dog. Some people prefer to use the name livestock Protection Dogs as
opposed to livestock guardian dog, to differentiate these roles. I prefer the
word guardian simply because it also implies a nurturing/protecting behaviour. People
who have never worked with LGD or are new to LGD often do not understand why
their Labrador or Pitbull are not LGD, particularly when that dog is reliable
around the livestock. It may bark or even chase a coyote on occasion, however,
that still does not make it an LGD. Every farm dog should learn to not kill the
other animals on the farm, that is called socialization and training.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is the same as your house pet not killing
your house cat. They must learn to co-exist with one another. Being a LGD is
more than just being accepting/tolerant of the livestock.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Being trustworthy around the livestock is an
important part of being a LGD, but it is not the only trait that makes it an
LGD. Often those people who feel their Lab or Aussie makes a good LGD do not
have their dog living full time in the pasture with the livestock and that is
the first big differentiation between LGD and general farm dogs.<br />
<br />
I have heard a few people suggesting that Norwegian Elkhound make good LGD.
This makes may head spin a little. The general breed description is as follows:
“Shipmate of the Vikings, guardian of remote farms, herder of flocks and
defender from wolves and bear, a sometime hauler and a hunter always, and a
companion to restless wandering men.” <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However,
reading further, its true nature or job is described: “they are classified as
hounds by virtue of their job description: trailing and holding warm-blooded
quarry.” (https://www.akc.org/dog-breeds/norwegian-elkhound/)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>That the initial description describes
it as a companion, found living on farms, this describes a general all-round
farm dog as opposed to an LGD, its main task was to help the hunter find his
game. Some of the people suggesting elkhounds as LGD, allude to this general
description citing that historically Elkhounds did work as LGD. Elkhound may
have warned its owners of wolves or bears in the area, its job can be better
described as being a property sentry as opposed to an LGD. It was never
expected that an elkhound does battle with predators, nor would it live full
time with the livestock. This is reflected in the size, weight and general
conformation of the breed, nothing physically about this northern Spitz dog, suggest
that it could fall under the same working category as all the other LGD breeds.
<br />
Similarly, an Irish Wolfhound might once have been used to chase down wolves however
they too were never required to live full time with the livestock, bond with
the sheep and protect them. Too often once sees cross Irish wolfhounds promoted
as LGD, what is forgotten is that hounds were traditionally used to run down
and hunt big game, something that you certainly do not want in with your sheep.
I think the biggest clue that these breeds are never LGD is if in their breed
name, words such as hound, retriever or terrier are mentioned.<br />
<br />
Now onto the bully breeds, the Boerboel is the ultimate South African farm dog.
I was born and raised in South Africa and just about every farm had a Boerbull.
Boer is the Afrikaans name for farmer. In its breed description it is described
as the farmers companion, the protector of the farm and livestock. This breed
description, similarly, to the Cane Corso and so many mastiff types where more
generalized farm dogs. Sure, they would protect “hearth and home” but were not
specialized LGD, with that one singular task. They are the “watch dog” of the
farm or ranch, somewhat intimidating to see, will bark at strangers, or even
predators in the vicinity but they were never used solely to guard a bunch of
sheep. As with the Elkhound, their conformation, coat type and other physical
features does not lend itself to living year-round in the mountains and other
harsh climates with the livestock.<br />
<br /></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDel6HXJUpUi9bguq6nvr4euzPhkhYs6s_PVtC3L-jOrQRVADC2maSkLOTQb-7TCH1FvikrpDmuowzlNzkSu7iYKvVQHJeeCpKzh3TVEeYPCHcOTIwSYNTRYqHfY6GsLZfH05oq5x-YTZm/s2048/IMG_8193.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1365" data-original-width="2048" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDel6HXJUpUi9bguq6nvr4euzPhkhYs6s_PVtC3L-jOrQRVADC2maSkLOTQb-7TCH1FvikrpDmuowzlNzkSu7iYKvVQHJeeCpKzh3TVEeYPCHcOTIwSYNTRYqHfY6GsLZfH05oq5x-YTZm/w400-h266/IMG_8193.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="MsoNormal"><i>Part of being a full time LGD requires the dog to live full
time under all weather conditions with the livestock it needs to protect. If
the dog does not live with the livestock it becomes hard to protect them.</i><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPM51adDUKkpLK7gXGM8K2fHI9Bsgq8IQeEZArlWjByrhyphenhyphen-1ch4viyy9hF_TpG9ghoD5fwi4IrK5lRdanYikP_McerxsN2V5RT4YO6eR7fWyfEtLtkfA27dLJisZCWLXWUoRp5xi0gAKtP/s2048/IMG_7915.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a></div><p class="MsoNormal"> In my opinion the true working LGD lives full time, year-round with the animals
it needs to protect. It must have the desire and ability to protect the animals
from predators. It must be willing and capable to do battle with predators
should the need arise. A LGD conforms to a specific type of build, not too
large to lack maneuverability and not too small to be vulnerable during a
predator attack. The dog needs to have the coat type to be able to withstand
all weather conditions. The floppy ears and soft expression are said to have a
less predatory look, and this helps in keeping the sheep calm. I am not sure if
this is true, but it is noteworthy that every LGD breed shares this trait and
yet spitz breeds and many high drive herding breeds have erect ears. All wild
canids have erect ears! <br />
<br />
LGD must have the ability to bond to the livestock, the LGD will guard the
sheep no matter where they are and not just be a territorial guard dog. The LGD
will have been bred and certain traits selected for to perform its job. It
needs to be attentive to the livestock, trustworthy and protective. The LGD
must have the courage to face up to large predators and the gentleness to be
around newborn livestock. The LGD must be an independent thinker as it is not
the shepherd who commands the dog to protect the livestock, it is instinctual
to want to protect the prey animals it lives with.<br />
<br />
I do think that many people looking into using LGD on their homestead, may in fact
not be looking specifically for a LGD but are instead looking for an all-round
farm dog that covers the diverse role that traditional farm dogs did. The Old
Yeller, Rin Tin Tin or Lassie types of dogs. The ones who live alongside all
the farm animals, that plays with the kids, guards the yard and family, and a companion
to the farmer. Due to its presence on the homestead, these dogs do have a
deterring effect on predators. Ultimately, I think many small homesteads may be
better served having an all-round farm dog than a specialist such as the
livestock guardian dog.<br />
</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1365" data-original-width="2048" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPM51adDUKkpLK7gXGM8K2fHI9Bsgq8IQeEZArlWjByrhyphenhyphen-1ch4viyy9hF_TpG9ghoD5fwi4IrK5lRdanYikP_McerxsN2V5RT4YO6eR7fWyfEtLtkfA27dLJisZCWLXWUoRp5xi0gAKtP/w400-h266/IMG_7915.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="400" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;"><i>The LGD needs to form a bond with the livestock so that it feels compelled to want to protect them no matter where the livestock graze.<br /></i></span><br style="text-align: left;" /></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p>Louise Liebenberghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05474938590034065595noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7481785061696705243.post-50157111443636273882021-05-06T11:34:00.009-07:002021-05-06T11:41:30.359-07:00Self Rewarding Behaviours in LGD<p> </p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLjj2QFDqxfZStORoPRhouHoAdILa1t0fonjaakyaclTZXD_niOTSjNBAAiSwAOJna4vzAQ9iOq8DmJEsD60Sd1TWgD0CH5yf6f5RJZEGmtNl9ruJB7D5Om2C66hpacWeP98cba0sot5dX/s2048/IMG_2588.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1365" data-original-width="2048" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLjj2QFDqxfZStORoPRhouHoAdILa1t0fonjaakyaclTZXD_niOTSjNBAAiSwAOJna4vzAQ9iOq8DmJEsD60Sd1TWgD0CH5yf6f5RJZEGmtNl9ruJB7D5Om2C66hpacWeP98cba0sot5dX/w400-h266/IMG_2588.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">A young 8-month-old dog play bowing to these heifers. The play bow is an invitation from the dog to play. This is a perfect moment to give a verbal correction to the dog and discourage play behaviour.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b>Self rewarding Behaviour </b><br /><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">©</span><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Louise
Liebenberg 2021<br /></span>Written for The Shepherds Magazine<br />
<br />
People who start off with Livestock Guardian Dogs (LGD) are often confused why
their adolescent LGD start chasing sheep, nipping legs, pulling wool, and
displaying a bunch of traits that are concerning and unexpected. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Why would the dog harm the animals it is
supposed to protect? In this article, I am going to dig a little deeper into what
motivates the naughty LGD and the instincts that can be triggered by continuing
this behaviour.<br />
<br />
Where traditionally LGD were primarily found on open ranges, in shepherded
grazing flocks or large operations, many LGDs are now finding placements on
smaller livestock hobby/homesteading type places. On big range operations the
amount of work, other dogs, and the space they have often provides enough
stimulation for a young LGD, that it is less common to see major issues with
things like chasing, nipping wool pulling, ear chewing and other bad behaviour.
Often, the owners are also experienced in managing LGD and this behaviour is
quickly corrected. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><br />
For many people new to owning and working with LGD, this bad behaviour comes as
a shock. The LGD should not hurt the livestock it is supposed to guard. When
it does happen, many owners are very confused by this behaviour and are more
often in disbelief that their sweet pup could harm the livestock. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There are several reasons why LGD display this
type of behaviour, commonly it is seen in poorly bred LGD, where generations of
selection for good LGD traits have not been a priority, or among crossbreds
with non LGD breeds, a herding dog crossed with a LGD is more likely to show
more chase and nipping behavior. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However, even well bred, well raised LGD can
display this concerning behaviour and unless stopped, problems can escalate.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Young LGD often go through a naughty phase, this is normal,
however what is paramount is how the owner responds to this bad behaviour, that
will determine whether the naughty LGD will become a reliable guardian dog once
it matures.<br />
All predators (even our LGD’s) go through a learning stage to hone their
hunting skills, all predators do this. All young predators play, and the type
of playing they do is specific for predators. The type of playing prey animals
do is different to that of predators.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Kittens will stalk, ambush, pounce, and dogs wrestle, play fight, stalk,
chase.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Lambs learn to run in a mob, they
practice jumping off and onto things and become fast and agile. Lambs might
head butt and show dominance type playing but most of it is running around
together in a mob. <br />
Play hunting consists of sequential behaviours that need to be refined and
practiced. The interesting part of practicing these hunting behaviours is that
they are self rewarding. Because they are self rewarding, the predator is
encouraged to keep doing this over and over, this repetitiveness is how the
predator sharpens its skills. As the saying goes; “practice makes perfect”. <br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>All hunting type games are exciting, for
a dog fetching a ball is a “hunting game”. Herding for border collies is a
derivative of the hunting sequences, and as most people know, border collies
can become rather obsessive with herding and stalking balls, cats, and other
dogs. It is exhilarating to do, and it stimulates the reward center in their
brain.<br />
If predators practice enough and get down to the kill part, the reward is even greater
as they can consume what they caught. For the ball obsessed dog, getting the
ball is the reward. This cycle is a self-perpetuating behaviour. The more they
do it, the better they become and the more reward they get from doing it. Self
rewarding behaviours are the hardest behaviours change. Think about how hard
dieting is or quitting smoking is as these are also self rewarding behaviours!
This behaviour pattern is hard to stop, even if we know it is wrong or bad, as
our desire to be feel that “reward’ often overrides the knowledge that it is
bad. <br />
<br />
So, what does this have to do with our LGD?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>When you are a 9-month-old adolescent pup, full of energy and you want
to play, the livestock might seem like great playmates.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The dog may pick a weaker animal to focus all
its energy on. Even a larger animal that tries to butt the young dog, becomes a
fun challenge.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The chasing and playing
starts off innocently enough. As he plays more and rougher with the livestock
it becomes even more stimulating for the dog to do. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The cycle of playing becomes a self rewarding
behaviour, the scary part is that after only one or two times roughhousing with
the livestock this pattern of behaviour can become fairly established in the
dog. The escalation in bad behaviour can go very rapidly.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">LGD have a unique combination of genetic traits that
shepherds have selected for. It is an odd combination of traits, where you have
dogs selected for a low prey drive response (guardian) combined with a high
protectiveness. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In most working dogs
(police, search and rescue, drug dogs, herding dogs) one selects for high prey
drive, dogs with high prey drive are easily motivated to work, the border
collie always wants to work sheep, search dogs are often rewarded by a game of
fetch the ball or a little tug-of war as this mimics the catch part of the
hunting sequence.<br />
LGD are selected for low prey drive as we do not want the dog, who lives full
time with the sheep, to be stimulated by these prey animals. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This low prey drives allows for the LGD to be
able to live with prey animals and not be overly stimulated by their movements
or overly focused on weak, lame, or sickly animals. Predators are “triggered”
to respond to these attributes. Think of a kitten who gets stimulated to chase
a feather, or a falcon to grab a lure, a border collie pup that is “turned on”
by the sheep running past a fence. <br />
This low prey drive in LGD can often be seen by their lack of desire to play
fetch the stick, their instinct to give chase is often not “triggered”. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Back to the problem of the naughty young dog and his
overzealous play behaviour. If this behaviour is not stopped directly and
discouraged firmly, it can trigger a prey drive response in the LGD. This low
prey drive in LGD is generally dormant, but not gone. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If the naughty dog gets to play rough with the
sheep it can “awaken” this prey drive.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Combining the self rewarding behaviour and the possibility for the dog
to become more prey focused, the problem that starts off innocently enough
soon becomes a major issue where the livestock are hurt, maimed, or killed. <br />
<br />
People often ask if a young dog that has pulled wool and chases the sheep is
ruined?<br />
It is vital that when a LGD starts to display play behaviour towards the
livestock that it is stopped immediately, and the dog prevented from continuing
this behaviour. Depending on how long this behaviour has continued, the
severity of the roughhousing and if the dog has come to view the livestock as
prey will determine if the dog is ruined or not. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Signs
of play behaviour are things like a play bow towards the livestock, a play bow
is an invitation to play, or where the dog and animals “chase each other
around”. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If one can correct the play
behaviour at this point, the dog will most likely grow up and become a reliable
LGD. If he is eating lambs on the regular, then the prognosis becomes very poor
for that dog.<br />
On social media there are hundred of cute videos of the dog “hugging” a goat,
or a dog jumping up and mouthing/ nipping the nose of a pony, the pony in turn
rears up and runs away then the chase ensues between the dog and pony. The most
cringe worthy is where the dog is swinging on the tail of some poor farm
animal.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The commentary on these videos
is all look how sweet they play together. <br />
To me, this is all bad behaviour, and it needs to be discouraged directly. The
LGD should not be playing with his livestock, ever. To correct a self rewarding
behaviour the punishment must override the pleasure the dog associates with
that behaviour. In this case prevention is always better than curing!<br /><br /> To conclude, all playing is a self rewarding behaviour that perpetuates even
more play behaviour. Most play behaviour is part of the of the prey- hunt
sequence for predators.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>With LGD, this
play can trigger the prey instinct in the young dog, and this can ultimately
result in a dog that is no longer trustworthy with livestock as he starts to
view the livestock as prey.<br />
<br /><o:p></o:p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhp49BM0XqxecToyAQ0J1zC1JxMos1DfxYG1pOwEA6BJf8cGmtteMhWN5Qbox_KwkLqmY1ZSQfhcyqmHQ12Z6Zeib98a1WiZlI9MSL2O__AzfvJpNdtkyGZbIK4fRvR4U_fcZKkvUxwQueQ/s2048/IMG_2610.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1365" data-original-width="2048" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhp49BM0XqxecToyAQ0J1zC1JxMos1DfxYG1pOwEA6BJf8cGmtteMhWN5Qbox_KwkLqmY1ZSQfhcyqmHQ12Z6Zeib98a1WiZlI9MSL2O__AzfvJpNdtkyGZbIK4fRvR4U_fcZKkvUxwQueQ/w400-h266/IMG_2610.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">A snapshot of this young dog giving indications that he wants to play. The heifer is saying no. Although his behaviour at this point is innocent enough, it needs to be curbed. At this point a firm “no” will usually suffice.</span><span style="text-align: left;"> </span><span style="text-align: left;">Heifers still like to run around and buck and that could encourage this young dog to want to play with them. Picking the right livestock at the right age also goes a long way to curbing bad behaviour.<br /><br /></span></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>Louise Liebenberghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05474938590034065595noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7481785061696705243.post-67891756583713295632021-04-15T11:55:00.001-07:002021-04-15T11:55:28.721-07:00Question and Answer Time<p> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmP7oIectRZerkRcUDxAQEb5ekLzk0gzyytiKOBIPztmRl-yPkn39PEarOIaaYUmkz9M19lTQPoxhJ1Eu-Wnq9G4cltRquDMrEB6iYal4Dvz9pjQT5C8Fl0P3kac0aBrlGXCR8zPTXnDvr/s2048/IMG_3198.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1365" data-original-width="2048" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmP7oIectRZerkRcUDxAQEb5ekLzk0gzyytiKOBIPztmRl-yPkn39PEarOIaaYUmkz9M19lTQPoxhJ1Eu-Wnq9G4cltRquDMrEB6iYal4Dvz9pjQT5C8Fl0P3kac0aBrlGXCR8zPTXnDvr/w400-h266/IMG_3198.JPG" title="Working together and depending on each other to be a strong team against predators, is a good type of dependency." width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">Working together and depending on each other to be a strong team against predators, is a good type of dependency.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><br /></p><div style="text-align: center;"><u><b>Question and Answer Time</b></u></div><div style="text-align: center;">©Louise
Liebenberg (Nov 2020)</div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal">
<br />
My favorite time when presenting at various events is the question-and-answer period,
as this is the time one can really focus on the issues people are experiencing
with their dogs. After, I saw a post by Cat Urbigkit saying how she was
receiving a lot of questions about livestock guardian dogs (LGD). I thought a
“question and answer session” might be a good thing to incorporate into some of
the monthly articles in this magazine. This month will be a “Ask Dr. Ruth/Phil”
kind of column. I gathered up a few questions from readers and will attempt to
answer them, bearing in mind I do not know the full situation, and I do not
have all the answers, I can certainly give my opinion or share my thoughts on
these topics.<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><br />
<b>Hi, I’m reaching out to you to see if you can give me some advice on my LGD.
I locked my sheep in the corral a couple months ago and now she has gone to the
neighbor’s flock and I cannot get her to come home. She is just a year old. Any
suggestions?<br />
</b>The best suggestion I would have is to go and get your dog and set her up
in your corrals to try and get her to bond to your livestock. Sometimes, you need
to take a few steps back and place the dog back into a bonding pen or corral. This
pen or corral needs to be one where she cannot escape from and where she has
some nice kind sheep to bond to. The change from the field to the corral, might
have caused the dog some stress. Most LGD do not like big changes, and this
could have resulted in the dog wondering away to find a flock out on pasture
again. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If the neighbor’s sheep are still
out on the range, your dog might feel that that is the place to be. The dog might
feel more comfortable out with those sheep and possibly also with their
dogs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If she is just a year old, she
could be confused about where she needs to be. I would try to keep her
contained, re-bond her to your livestock and encourage her to stay. Of course,
the information provided is a little scant, and for a more detailed reply more
information would need to be supplied. Things like what type of operation do
you have, what did the bonding process look like, how close are the neighbors
sheep, does she have other dogs to work with and if you have fencing in place.<br />
</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9Jf1erKa2NknNvS08UzHWUPLhSGzk8XNgYyWZPyzoOcmv0kHO5uqI-oj8Ar4UifnnLCSgerGjehyX2_CYX_bsQsM8PEmtkuJg70rowAqSjvA43e1gC8_-_yEA1ZaH4aRnLC2rtRpAHtiV/s2048/IMG_1731.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1365" data-original-width="2048" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9Jf1erKa2NknNvS08UzHWUPLhSGzk8XNgYyWZPyzoOcmv0kHO5uqI-oj8Ar4UifnnLCSgerGjehyX2_CYX_bsQsM8PEmtkuJg70rowAqSjvA43e1gC8_-_yEA1ZaH4aRnLC2rtRpAHtiV/w400-h266/IMG_1731.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">Each individual dog, and even various breeds display different working styles, some like to be tight bonding and others like a bit more space. Some work more on a territorial type of guarding as opposed to guarding the livestock.<br /><br /></span></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal"><br />
<b>From Diane: <br />
Is there anything "wrong" with an LGD that is somewhat indifferent to
the stock, but does a great job protecting their territory and is kind to their
charges, just not "bonded" to them?</b><br />
No nothing “wrong”, some dogs never tightly bond to their livestock. Provided
the dog is reliable around the stock (so “kind and indifferent” is okay) and
they are keen to protect the area the flock is in, then this is not an issue. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Different dogs or even breeds, have different
working styles some people call it perimeter versus close bonding.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These working styles are not static, at
various times in a dog’s life these styles may change. If a dog is feeling more
predator pressure, it may be more active in guarding a larger area around the
flock, go and do more scent marking and patrolling. A younger dog might stay
closer to the flock. Some dogs are more territorial as opposed to guarding the
livestock itself. <br />
Certain livestock lends itself better to a territorial approach (free range
poultry, horses) as opposed to being bonded to the flock itself. LGD can have a
smaller or larger personal space “bubble”, and although trustworthy with the
livestock, some dogs just do not like cuddling with the livestock.<br />
I think it is good to remember what working mandate you have for your dog, for
most LGD it will be guard the livestock/territory from predators and do not
kill/harm the livestock. Within that mandate, there is a lot of room for
various working styles.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>From Jennifer: <br />
What do you wish someone had told you when you first got an LGD and what can
you only learn through time?<br />
</b>This is a great question and I think it warrants an entire article on it,
so I will probably come back to it in the future but will touch on a few things
here. A little back story here, I have worked and trained border collies and
have shepherded sheep for many years. AS far as sheepdogs go, I always felt
that the herding border collie was the most important sheepdog to have. I got
my first LGD after some serious dog depredation events. I now see the value of
both types of sheepdogs! When working herding dogs, you build a working
relationship based on the ability to direct the collie to maneuver the flock as
required. As a shepherd you command the collie and guide the sheep through the
dog. Things like obedience, biddability and control are important when working
with a herding breed.<br />
It is an intense working partnership, and the amount of work the herding dog
saves you is significant. The way you work with a collie is however quite
different than how you work with LGD. Even working with dogs who are pets or
other working breeds the approach is very different than working with LGD.<br />
<br />
I think the biggest lesson in working with LGD is learning to “let go” of
control, micromanaging, and the need for over-training. Where you actively go
out and train your collie, with LGD the “training” consists more of facilitating,
and creating a good environment for the pup to grow up in. The training is
primarily supervision as opposed to active training; it is more about moulding
behaviour and allowing the process (bonding and socialization to the livestock)
to take place. I am all for hands on rearing, but one must be aware that the
initial work is primarily allowing the pup to simply grow up with his livestock
and form those relationships/bond to the stock. LGD do not have to be taught to
guard, a well bred LGD will be naturally protective and reactive to perceived
threats. You do not need to actively get them to chase a coyote or anything
like that. That comes with age and experience. The work or training is more
corrective/preventive when bad behaviour occurs. I think, simply put, when all
is going well, you do nothing, and you only intervene when you see concerning
behaviour. The hardest part is to just allow the pup grow up with the livestock,
facilitate a good environment for the pup, watch for concerning behaviour,
correct when needed. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>All those people
advocating for in house rearing or suggesting no pup under two years old should
be with the livestock are simply slowing down or interfering with the ability
for the pup to bond with the stock. The actual obedience training part is
rather elementary when compared to a collie. Some basic training is handy, LGD
should be comfortable being handled, walk on a lead, accept grooming, and vet
care, come (sort of) when called, possibly travel and load into a trailer or
truck, know being tied up and to be accepting of kennelling. This training part
is to make your life easier! <br />
<br />
<b>From Ashlee:<br />
Can a LGD become dependent on another LGD? Is there codependency that becomes
toxic</b>?<br />
This is a tough question as a lot really depends on a variety of factors such
as the working situation, what behaviours are concerning and how the LGD
interact with each other. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Not all
dependency is bad. On a working ranch dealing with high predator numbers and
threats, the working dogs should form a cohesive team together and that form of
dependency is fine. Co-dependency becomes an issue when one dog cannot function
without the other or, one or both dogs show concerning behavioural traits when
separated from one another. These problems are often seen between siblings or
with pups raised close in age to each other. I think, it is important that each
member of the LGD team is comfortable and independent enough to work on their
own and, be calm with things like working in different areas or with different
flock without exhibiting extreme anxiety or stress when away from the other dog.
It is important on a multi LGD ranch to be able to work together as a stable
pack.<br />
<br />
These are just a few questions that people have asked recently. I would be
happy to cover some more in another article. You are welcome to send your
questions to The Shepherds Magazine and the editor will forward them on to me.<br />
</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-8eprGzRG1J3eXw4E0HEwyd5cL0Qvq51akpeZUVLMpKpGVokXj3tPytTkNM_H8NsM96Buvhj58HLmnFfJNAEUK0Tymxbr4WCM35Qz0xblTClnA4yJZNsEMm-epeMn6S91m8WJAHrr3gYu/s2048/20170125+Rex+and+sheep.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1536" data-original-width="2048" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-8eprGzRG1J3eXw4E0HEwyd5cL0Qvq51akpeZUVLMpKpGVokXj3tPytTkNM_H8NsM96Buvhj58HLmnFfJNAEUK0Tymxbr4WCM35Qz0xblTClnA4yJZNsEMm-epeMn6S91m8WJAHrr3gYu/w400-h300/20170125+Rex+and+sheep.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">Raising LGD is a fine line of trust, observation, and supervision without feeling the need to micromanage. Allowing relationships to develop between the pup and the sheep is for many people a big challenge.<br /><br /></span></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></p>Louise Liebenberghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05474938590034065595noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7481785061696705243.post-16331440751065910332021-03-04T13:20:00.003-08:002021-03-04T13:20:54.033-08:00The First few Weeks<p><br /></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEic61N0j2gJD6LXliFo89FplZ4FcdQJjECUkV_XKWeihIvhi7NqdOr7P61Sr7t07nU4GW5kP2XABBmoUZI8EjDYhjkAkKDEXPVZQ7MS_Em-I6qXcs77XLFf6qhqLsFPhW37qcrij4733bxk/s2048/20120308+puppies+and+lamb+043a.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1163" data-original-width="2048" height="228" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEic61N0j2gJD6LXliFo89FplZ4FcdQJjECUkV_XKWeihIvhi7NqdOr7P61Sr7t07nU4GW5kP2XABBmoUZI8EjDYhjkAkKDEXPVZQ7MS_Em-I6qXcs77XLFf6qhqLsFPhW37qcrij4733bxk/w400-h228/20120308+puppies+and+lamb+043a.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">When the pup and the lambs (or ewes) can be relaxed and comfortable together, that is when the bonding happens. The pup has companionship, warmth, and comfort with the lamb.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><b>The first few weeks.</b><p class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">©</span>Louise
Liebenberg 2020<br />Written for The Shepherds Magazine<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p>The question of what to do with a new pup once you get him
home comes up quite regularly on many of the Facebook forums and even private
emails to me. I never give this too much thought as it is a process that just
happens here, whether I raise my own or buy a new pup. I am always set up for
this and generally do not give it too much thought. I do however see that many people, starting
with their first livestock guardian dog (LGD) puppy do have questions as to
what to do in the first few weeks. I know there is a lot of contradictory
information “out there” and ultimately it is the owner who gets to decide how
they want to work with their dog and what the expectations are for the dog once
it reaches adulthood. For some people, all they want is an all-round farm dog,
others want a pet and others need a full time LGD. If the goal is a pet, then
the bonding to livestock part is not necessary, as the focus will be on bonding
to the family. Some people believe that a full time LGD should never be handled
or associate with people, I do not
believe in this form of raising, as I know you can have a dog bonded to sheep
and it can be socialized with people.</p><p class="MsoNormal">
I am assuming that people who subscribe to The Shepherds Magazine are, for the
most part, utilizing guardian dogs to protect their livestock. The goal for the
guardian dog pup is that it will be living full time with the livestock. It is
with this goal in mind, that I will describe my process with pups the first few
weeks. There are multiple ways to introduce a new pup onto the ranch and my way
is certainly not the only way.<br />
<br />
I am going to assume that the pup that is being introduced onto your ranch does
meet some basic criteria before you bring it home, namely:<br />
It is a guardian dog breed or cross of guardian dog breeds ( so no heeler
cross, hound or lab).<br />
Comes from working stock.<br />
Is healthy and has had basic and appropriate veterinary care ( deworming,
vaccinations, heartworm, quality feed)<br />
It is at least 8 weeks old, in many States it is even illegal to sell a pup
younger than that. I personally think 8 weeks is the minimum age a pup should
leave the litter; I prefer a few weeks older.<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><br />
Before the pup comes home I usually prepare the area I would like the pup to
stay in initially. As we have large pastures and a high predator load, it is
certainly not a safe option to put a young pup out on the pasture. I usually
have a pen in the barn where the pup will spend the first few weeks. I make
sure the area where the pup will be staying in, is puppy proof and that it cannot
escape from this pen. I do believe teaching fence boundaries starts directly.<br />
<br />
I will have a smaller area within the pen that is “puppy access” only. This is
usually a cattle panel placed across a corner so the pup can crawl under or in
and the sheep cannot get in. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This will
be an area where the pup can eat and sleep safely. He can withdraw to this spot
if he is feeling a little overwhelmed and he can eat without the sheep bullying
him for his food. I will often have a box or dog house for the pup filled with
straw and even some sheep’s wool as bedding.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFjExZom6ZpyzrqxHNRBBDtulMtThxruJvv4SDbZoTuB2MOl3chuYqAzncYPhzkyXgZUY6HsI489_M_SzG-Z0MRqQLHd5_NzyujlEqiDiHjsBr2pIyAmEX2xIypzMlnIxMYiJXhRtWjutr/s2048/20121006+cows%252Cmoose+and+puppies+101.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1365" data-original-width="2048" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFjExZom6ZpyzrqxHNRBBDtulMtThxruJvv4SDbZoTuB2MOl3chuYqAzncYPhzkyXgZUY6HsI489_M_SzG-Z0MRqQLHd5_NzyujlEqiDiHjsBr2pIyAmEX2xIypzMlnIxMYiJXhRtWjutr/w400-h266/20121006+cows%252Cmoose+and+puppies+101.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;"> It is really very important to have kind stock for the new pup to be able to bond too.<br /><br /></span></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal">
<br />
The next and most crucial part of preparing for the new pup is to ensure you
have some nice kind ewes or lambs for the pup to bond to. We want the pup to
feel comfortable and safe around these animals as we want him to bond with the
livestock. The pup only needs a few kind animals initially. The sheep need to
provide companionship for the pup, warmth, and comfort. Young lambs or bottle
lambs can work great initially, but once the pup is a bit older <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>he may become too rambunctious for the smaller
lambs, however the first few weeks, lambs can be great for the puppy to bond
too.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">With all this “facilitation” in place, I am ready for the new
pup. I do like to spend time with the pup in this bonding pen. This is where
the pup will be living for the next few weeks and this is where I will go and
hang out with the pup and teach him some basic manners. I like to interact with
my pups and handle them, I always do this in the pen with the livestock. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I do want to emphasize that the pup is always
with the livestock, we do not bring the pup into the house or on the porch. We
want the pup to be around the livestock constantly, and if we take him out, it
is to go to other livestock.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYfAECNzD9Ysgm26aLVb8c55KweLSAvQGWngbc1wwEVswvLWjV8hm0lwZ5YDfKfYHyBk2jxXP4Vwb2RkPWvqKM5eXlAcZbKnCG0hxhNSFPFuIMSvU8NGtQX3ki_aqpMqZIWHilHUvwnjOv/s2048/IMG_2017.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1365" data-original-width="2048" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYfAECNzD9Ysgm26aLVb8c55KweLSAvQGWngbc1wwEVswvLWjV8hm0lwZ5YDfKfYHyBk2jxXP4Vwb2RkPWvqKM5eXlAcZbKnCG0hxhNSFPFuIMSvU8NGtQX3ki_aqpMqZIWHilHUvwnjOv/w400-h266/IMG_2017.JPG" title="The new pup is initially housed in the barn. As we usually have lambs on feed or some other sheep in the barn, it is easy place the pup with the livestock directly. I know the pup is safe, and is well set up to be able to get to know the livestock and us." width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">The new pup is initially housed in the barn. As we usually have lambs on feed or some other sheep in the barn, it is easy place the pup with the livestock directly. I know the pup is safe, and is well set up to be able to get to know the livestock and us.<br /></span><br style="text-align: left;" /></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal">
<br />
Bonding is a fancy word for socialization.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Research in pet dogs has found the time that bonding occurs the easiest
and quickest to their new family, is the period between 7 and 12 weeks. In LGD,
research has shown that this period (up to 16 weeks) is also the formative time
for the pup to become bonded to the livestock. Sure, some dogs can and do bond
later, but ideally, we want to optimize this time, to give the pup the best
chance of becoming a successful guardian dog. We want the pup to be super
socialized to the sheep. That he sees them as part of his world, and that he is
content to be around them. We want the pup to be social towards people but the bond
between pup and sheep really needs to be prioritized initially.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I want the pup to have every opportunity to
learn about sheep and this time establishes the foundation for this.<br />
<br />
I will let the pup meet the other farm dogs in this period. He is welcome to
meet the working collies, the cats, calves, horses, and other animals on the
ranch. He will hear the tractor and will have every opportunity to see and hear
all the noises and activities that go on here. <br />
As my collies come and go, I will allow for “meet and greets” but I rarely let
the pup play with the collies. He can know them, be excited to see them but that
is usually the limit of interaction they have. My collies and LGD are usually
very fond of each other and sociable towards each other, without needing “play
dates”.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Accepting and tolerant of each other
is the goal here.<br />
<br />
The pup will get to meet the other guardian dogs too. I will take the pup out
to the main flock and let it meet the other guardian dogs. I know my adult dogs
have stable temperaments and will not harm a pup. They will come over and greet
the pup but are also usually not overly playful with the pup. I know if the pup
was raised well by its mom and displays normal pup behaviour, my older dogs
will have no issues meeting it and responding in a normal dog way to the new
pup. This does not mean that they will not correct a rowdy pup, they can growl
and warn a pup if needs be. I do allow for more interaction between the
guardian dogs and the new pup than with the collies. Ultimately, the new pup
will need to be integrated into the guardian team and they will be spending the
rest of their lives working together. More interaction here is okay.<br />
<br />
Things I like to watch for in the first few weeks is the comfort level the pup
has around the livestock, do they lay together, does the pup move casually
around the sheep, do the sheep and pup feel content to be in each others space,
does the pup show some puppy submissive behavior towards the sheep, do the
sheep stand watch over the pup, do the pup and the sheep “greet” each. These
are all signs that the pup and the sheep are forming a bond and are comfortable
with each other. My ewes are always around LGDs, so they are generally comfortable
with a new pup.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span><br />
</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiJDhz33VWUP00NqEnBelOgLsXdzofYhhWbtQde57VtrJxvh5nxoHnneCDsQt-9QUD_fA1lStzGZRIsLn9IJ_3fUiJ2nu_pe7Sv8PivH_NJcMaH1nz7AwU301OjDFEpFTyFfTH4kH3RrVh/s2048/IMG_8613.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1365" data-original-width="2048" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiJDhz33VWUP00NqEnBelOgLsXdzofYhhWbtQde57VtrJxvh5nxoHnneCDsQt-9QUD_fA1lStzGZRIsLn9IJ_3fUiJ2nu_pe7Sv8PivH_NJcMaH1nz7AwU301OjDFEpFTyFfTH4kH3RrVh/w400-h266/IMG_8613.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">Pup is out in a small, safe pasture with the sheep. Pup is happy to be around the sheep, the ewes are kind to the pup. This larger area will provide more stimulation for the pup and it will have another LGD as a companion.<br /><br /></span></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal">
Usually around 12 to 16 weeks the pup is ready to graduate to a bigger area (small
field) with his bonding sheep. I will move his box or kennel to the field and still
have his sheep proof space and I will place an older dog in with the pup. This
older dog will help keep the pup safe, provide companionship and hopefully be a
mentor to the pup. This older dog will also help give the pup some confidence
in exploring the new pasture and being around more animals. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As this is a change in environment, new sheep,
and different scenery this usually helps to keep the pup stimulated and alert.
After several weeks, I will upscale again, maybe add in different livestock
such as replacement heifers, more sheep, larger area, and this progression
happens over the first year. I do not believe that we need to keep a young LGD
entertained, nor do I believe in boredom. I believe they need work and
“controlled” stimulation towards integrating into becoming full time, reliable
working dogs. This system works with your first LGD, even if you do not have
older dogs for the pup to work alongside, provided the pup is in a safe
environment.<br />
<br /></p><p class="MsoNormal">
<br />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></p>Louise Liebenberghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05474938590034065595noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7481785061696705243.post-50108826477981417832020-12-30T19:45:00.001-08:002020-12-30T19:45:06.040-08:00What does Bonding look like?<p><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIqH7sbLWeM1Ogj7qO_Kh9rJim6R8TZluuaghHeKjrEQwR8coUYOkNZuVEhSczOmb-A8aYoZ-e2quF2Xz4JJO0woJPSpzzQ1UpaUqGJj8IY3_lN08tnSt3Tw7luEs58Aq6DO1qmWckFQEv/s2048/201203122+puppies+099.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1536" data-original-width="2048" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIqH7sbLWeM1Ogj7qO_Kh9rJim6R8TZluuaghHeKjrEQwR8coUYOkNZuVEhSczOmb-A8aYoZ-e2quF2Xz4JJO0woJPSpzzQ1UpaUqGJj8IY3_lN08tnSt3Tw7luEs58Aq6DO1qmWckFQEv/s320/201203122+puppies+099.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">Both the livestock and the dogs are relaxed and comfortable in each others presence.</span><span style="font-family: inherit; text-align: left;"> </span><span style="text-align: left;">The puppy is learning to be social around the sheep and to accept that sheep belongs in its world.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>What does Bonding look like?</b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;">©</span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;">Louise
Liebenberg (2020)<br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: inherit;">Written for </span><a href="http://www.theshepherdmagazine.com/" style="font-family: inherit;">The Shepherds Magazine</a><br />
<br /><span style="font-family: inherit;">
“What does a bonding look like for a livestock guardian dog (LGD)?” This
question was posted in a Facebook group and I thought it was a particularly
good question to address in an article. As with all things, nothing is really
set in stone and individual dogs will show various degrees of </span>behavior<span style="font-family: inherit;">. <o:p></o:p></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTS-KChu2p0qeYKm5c-k7RTgehkKndMXeJGRDOpUeSpqc3iEoml3kiSGEhs7_FX5ewHtckVsUPEfiJwlKQ_8NrE3M37XwpQkozgV1YOPxvbGuBqIXCMEukoquVFU0hpWLa3VQ1FvlsX_Tx/s2048/IMG_9853.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1365" data-original-width="2048" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTS-KChu2p0qeYKm5c-k7RTgehkKndMXeJGRDOpUeSpqc3iEoml3kiSGEhs7_FX5ewHtckVsUPEfiJwlKQ_8NrE3M37XwpQkozgV1YOPxvbGuBqIXCMEukoquVFU0hpWLa3VQ1FvlsX_Tx/s320/IMG_9853.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">Bonding is for both the sheep and the LGD being comfortable with each other. The sheep are not threatened and the dogs are happy to share their space and resources with each other.<br /></span><br style="text-align: left;" /></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Most traditional shepherds do not really talk in terms of
bonding, the dogs are around and live with the sheep, that is what is expected
from them. The term bonding is more a North American term, it explains that the
dog and sheep form an “unusual” relationship with one another, that crosses specie
lines. </span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span><span style="font-family: inherit;">The </span>Webster<span style="font-family: inherit;"> dictionary describes
the word bonding to mean “the formation of a close relationship (as between a
mother and child or between a person and an animal) especially through frequent
or constant association.”</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span><span style="font-family: inherit;">In the case of
LGD it is a relationship that is formed between two species and in this case
between a predator and its prey.</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span><span style="font-family: inherit;">Another
key aspect to the word bond, is that is formed because of frequent or constant
association. This is key in LGD. If they do not have frequent or in most cases
constant contact with the livestock, the relationship between these two species
can becomes weaker or not form at all.</span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEii9sYurOLzg1fONhc4Q0w-hYcbM97U_CZec1Rn1A-CooQWu-3X-5TI_QUYE47t0dbNq6SDovG8SaMhdwihKTq_RKRRD9Xtg3Jk41bKBBGb6tqdMshE3eGoq-SVrWy360tifBOAnOJ_HEdH/s2048/Sarplaninac+2009-02-04+pups+bij+schapen+7.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1365" data-original-width="2048" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEii9sYurOLzg1fONhc4Q0w-hYcbM97U_CZec1Rn1A-CooQWu-3X-5TI_QUYE47t0dbNq6SDovG8SaMhdwihKTq_RKRRD9Xtg3Jk41bKBBGb6tqdMshE3eGoq-SVrWy360tifBOAnOJ_HEdH/s320/Sarplaninac+2009-02-04+pups+bij+schapen+7.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">These pups are socializing with the sheep and are in the critical age where they are learning to form a bond with other animals, people and situations.<br /><br /></span></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span><span style="font-family: inherit;">Another term more commonly used in the
dog world is “socialization”.</span><span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><span style="font-family: inherit;">Socialization is the process of getting the puppy to become accustomed
to other people, animals, places, and activities so that the are calm and
relaxed in these situations. Socialization usually begins at an early age, with
the goal of having a well-adjusted dog that can handle new situations and
experiences in a calm and confident manner.</span><span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><span style="font-family: inherit;">For our LGD this is what we want, we want the dog to form a relationship
with the livestock so they feel calm and confident being around them and also
to ensure they come to regard the livestock as part of their world.</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span><span style="font-family: inherit;">We socialize the LGD to their livestock and
over time a bond develops. The critical part is that this socialization is
somewhat time sensitive and is usually most effective when the pup is in the
sensitive stage, the developmental stage where it is most receptive to forming
bonds and learning new experiences. This phase is usually between 3 and 16
weeks old.</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span><span style="font-family: inherit;">Of course, there will be some
dogs who form this bond at a later age and some who never do, but as a rule of
thumb this does seem to be the most ideal time for the pup to form these
associations. In the pet dog world, this socialization and bonding happens to
the family members, in LGD, we want them to create their primary bond to the
livestock, hence the recommendation to place pups directly in with gentle livestock
when the pup comes home.</span><br />
<br /><span style="font-family: inherit;">
In the eighties, most livestock keepers approached bonding by not handling
their dogs at all, believing no human contact was the only way to force this
bond to the livestock. This in turn created other issues, nervous and people
shy dogs, dogs that could not be handled or given veterinary treatments and
feral dogs. Feral dogs are often not confident in their ability to handle new
situations and experiences. Finding the right balance between too much handling
and enough time to bond to the livestock is a fine line. I like to handle my
pups with the livestock. They live with the stock and the handling happens
right there. </span><br />
<br /><span style="font-family: inherit;">
It was expected that the dog stayed tight with the sheep, and where totally
human shy. Many ranchers felt that the dog always had to be close to the sheep,
preferably right in the middle of the stock, and preferably avoid all human
contact. As more people started to use LGD, and more breeds became accessible
to livestock operations,</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span><span style="font-family: inherit;">people noticed
some breed differences, some breeds seemed to be “tighter bonding” to their
livestock and other breeds tended to be more perimeter or patrolling dogs.
Initially many ranchers wanted nothing to do with the patrolling types, as they
felt these dogs were “not working”.</span><span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><span style="font-family: inherit;">However, patrolling breeds can be as effective as tighter bonding
breeds. There is not one “right” way. Effectiveness should be measured in how
predation is controlled as opposed to the dog’s distance relative to the
livestock. The caveat here is, if the dog is always far away or never at the
sheep, then chances are he will also not be as effective if he is not around
when predation takes place. The patrolling dog needs to still be contact with
the sheep, go and patrol and come back and check with the sheep. The patrolling
type dog may not lay right in with the sheep but does need to be in relative
close proximity to the flock.</span><br />
</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7kohtSbCwqxrzs9Lj-OTH_WwELR3_iQmNoL-LXDZJIP66FIQQwHp_YI1w7wlfOwkFma7MGuTCikSQVheKEnlp6gJ7HETuAMMk-8mVMTx5EWQKgBnCm8BceFzXElZnS91sjvBzQqLX0PTc/s2048/IMG_7005.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1365" data-original-width="2048" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7kohtSbCwqxrzs9Lj-OTH_WwELR3_iQmNoL-LXDZJIP66FIQQwHp_YI1w7wlfOwkFma7MGuTCikSQVheKEnlp6gJ7HETuAMMk-8mVMTx5EWQKgBnCm8BceFzXElZnS91sjvBzQqLX0PTc/w320-h213/IMG_7005.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">The LGD is being attentive to the sheep. The sheep were staring at something moving in the bush, the dog is attentive to the sheep and is </span><span style="text-align: left;">focused</span><span style="text-align: left;"> on what is moving. The dog and the sheep are alert, but relaxed.<br /><br /></span></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;">
I will list some </span>behaviors<span style="font-family: inherit;"> and actions that indicate that the dog is bonded to
the livestock. This list is not all encompassing and not every dog will show
all these </span>behaviors<span style="font-family: inherit;">. However, it does illustrate what a well bonded dog looks
like to the observer. A pup will certainly not show all these </span>behaviors<span style="font-family: inherit;"> and as
the dog matures it will learn how to be around the livestock in a better way.
It is not a static process. A mature dog will have learned how to keep the
sheep calm, how to avoid conflicts, how to be more tolerant, to “read the
sheep’s </span>behavior<span style="font-family: inherit;">” etc.</span><br /><span style="font-family: inherit;">
As bonding is not a one-sided relationship, the livestock are also good
indicators of how the dog is doing. The livestock know if a dog is not
trustworthy and it is the livestock that is often be the first indicator that
the dog might be showing troubling </span>behavior<span style="font-family: inherit;">. </span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span><span style="font-family: inherit;">I will touch on some livestock </span>behavior<span style="font-family: inherit;"> too,
that will reflect how bonded the animals are to each other.</span><br />
<br /><span style="font-family: inherit;">
The dog is comfortable and relaxed around the livestock.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;">The dog is calm and moves through the livestock in a mindful
way.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;">The dog is respectful of the livestock, does not sit on
them, paw them, bump into them, chase them.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Is comfortable with the livestock being in their space,
laying at a hay feeder together or sharing a water<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>trough.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Will give the stock space when needed, if a ewe is lambing
the dog will walk around her, will avoid hard staring, will overt their eyes to
keep the livestock calm, the dog will move around livestock that are walking
towards him. If the animals get upset, the mature dog will naturally give them
more space to keep them settled. This type of </span>behavior<span style="font-family: inherit;"> does come with maturity
and learned experiences.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;">The dog is attentive to the </span>behavior<span style="font-family: inherit;"> of the stock. If sheep
are nervous or running, dog is looking </span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span><span style="font-family: inherit;">for danger. He is attuned to the sheep and
their reactions.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Follows the animals out to graze, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and is in the vicinity of where the flock is
grazing.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;">The dog is content to be with the livestock, when you leave
the dog is happy to return to the livestock.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Is trustworthy with the livestock ( no chewing, chasing,
herding, leg nipping, wool pulling)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Feels the need to guard the livestock, barks and responds to
predators or unusual situations. Is protective of the animals and the space
they are in.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Greeting, the sheep, happy to see them. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Forms relationships with individual animals as
well as the group.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;">“Boring. Delightfully, wonderfully, comfortingly boring.” –
Susan Soeder<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Good bonding does not require the dog to always be laying in
with the sheep, being snuggled up to them or even having lambs or goat kids
jumping up and down on them. The dog may be bonded without showing this level
of tolerance. </span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span><span style="font-family: inherit;">Some dogs do prefer more
personal space and that is okay.</span><br />
<br /><span style="font-family: inherit;">
The livestock will show indications that they trust the dog, are relaxed in the
company of the dog (not flighty, chewing cud, walking close to the dog, sharing
space, looking towards the dog when unsure, following the dog</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span><span style="font-family: inherit;">into new grazing areas or back to the barn,
relaxed, content and comfortable in the presence of the dog.</span><br />
<br /><span style="font-family: inherit;">
It certainly is a relationship the grows and some sheep attach more to certain
dogs than others. My dogs </span>recognize<span style="font-family: inherit;"> individual sheep and cows, and some of my
sheep adore pups and will stand with them, nuzzle them, and even push other
sheep away from the pup. </span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span><span style="font-family: inherit;">Some livestock
can be more aloof and that is fine too.</span><br />
<br /><span style="font-family: inherit;">
I think what is key to remember, the livestock guardian dog’s job is two-fold;
protect the livestock and do not eat them! Some people only want to see the
warm and fuzzy part of LGDs bonding to their stock, and often forget their main
job is to be protective. I would rather have a dog that is tolerant, but
distant towards the livestock and “guardy” in his </span>behavior<span style="font-family: inherit;">, than all cuddles
and snuggles, but ineffective toward predators.</span><br />
<br />
<br /></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRj8BbPo-0WQTW62ikxauVnm7dQJ-LzWtAuKAxHKL6O_e8jqpXosr7BUGeTyMCzDjkN7fJbmg9CQyowNUgUCzKCpH8-C_EvXJ4Mta1y75w1Y6RwZs33CpGoH2Il3rh5neOBjJRfestQuOC/s2048/Shara+and+black+heiferIMG_6722.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1365" data-original-width="2048" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRj8BbPo-0WQTW62ikxauVnm7dQJ-LzWtAuKAxHKL6O_e8jqpXosr7BUGeTyMCzDjkN7fJbmg9CQyowNUgUCzKCpH8-C_EvXJ4Mta1y75w1Y6RwZs33CpGoH2Il3rh5neOBjJRfestQuOC/s320/Shara+and+black+heiferIMG_6722.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">Greetings and recognition of individual animals is another way that show some level of bonding.<br /><br /></span></td></tr></tbody></table>Louise Liebenberghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05474938590034065595noreply@blogger.com0